Report On Security At Airports - 1688 Words

Security at airports Mariusz Prokopiec BFT1015-Business Skills 30/10/2014 Tutor: Nick Hubbard Words: 1443 Executive summary This report is about security at airports. It contains a useful information regarding airport security regulations such as both hand and hold luggage restrictions and list of items that are allowed to be taken on a board. This report also presents a brief changes that had happened in airports security before terrorists attack on 9th of September 2001. Additionally there is described the recent project- Total Airport Security System (TASS), which aims to improve the security at the airport area using very advanced technology structures. Contents page Introduction 4 I. History of airports security 5 II. Airport†¦show more content†¦In the past security at airports was not developed enough to prevent the unexpected terrorist attack It was impossible to avoid all of catastrophes that took place in the past. Actually these incidents approached today’s airport security to perfection. Nowadays there are stringent rules regarding air travelling. I. History of airports security The only concern within aviation was the safety of flying. Hardly any thought was put into the security sector of the aviation industry. This changed when Peruvian revolutionaries took over a Pan American mail plane. In the period of time from 1930 to 1958, there was 23 hijackings reported. The first serious incident happened in 1947 when the aircrew member was killed. In 1955, Jack Graham, placed a bomb in his mother’s luggage. The bomb exploded during the flight killing all aboard. A similar incident took place in 1960, when two suicide bomber killed all people on a board. After these acts luggage inspection has become more exact. The majority of hijackings were made due to either escape from the USA or hold people for a ransom. In 1961, in order to prevent hijackings, the federal government started using armed guards on chosen aircrafts. After hijackings of planes in 1969 the Task Force on the Deterrence of Air Piracy was

Comparing Catherine II and Elizabeth I - 1900 Words

The above quote applies very well to both Catherine II and Elizabeth I. Neither lady sought the power of their lands; they were given it in a unusual circumstance. They then display great leadership and do great things for each country. Catherine II, Empress of Russia, was born in Germany in 1729, but with the name of Sophia. She was the daughter of Prince Christian August and Princess Johanna Elizabeth. Since she was a princess, she was home schooled. She became very smart and free spirited. Nancy Whitelaw, the author of Catherine the Great spoke on Sophia’s childhood and noted, â€Å"Sophia loved to be in charge, and though some of her playmates said she was bossy, there was no doubt she was a natural leader† (Whitelaw 15-16). When she was around the age of fifteen, she met Prince Karl Peter Ulrich of Russia. Ulrich’s mother, Czarina of Russia, was trying to find a wife for her son. She knew her son was not fit for the throne, and the country would be devastate d with him at the head. Whoever Ulrich married would earn the right to rule Russia (Whitelaw 18). After some consideration and suggestions, she decided that Sophia was the right girl for Ulrich. Even though her father did not like the fact that she would have to convert from Lutheran to Orthodox, he gave consent. She moved back to Russia with Ulrich, converted to Orthodox, and changed her name to Catherine. Catherine now had to give birth to a son as the heir to the throne, but it was going to be hard due to Ulrich’sShow MoreRelatedComparison of Elenor of Aquitaine, Queen Elizabeth I, and Catherine the Great2169 Words   |  9 Pagesintimate affair with a cousin, but whether that was true or not is unknown. What is known is that soon after the end of her marriage to Louis of France, Eleanor became independently wealthy and powerful again. Several months later she married Henry II of England, positioning herself into an even greater position of power in Europe. When Henry was crowned King Of England in 1154, Eleanor became the ruler of England, Normandy and thanks to Henry s holdings and holdings of her own, much of France. ItRead MoreElizabeth And Lydia And The Social Context Of Pride3806 Words   |  16 Pagesand transgression enhance her beauty, why doesn’t Mr. Darcy fall in love with Lydia, whose transgression and vigor are even more accentuated? By comparing Elizabeth and Lydia and by analyzing the openness of their transgressions as related to the social context of Pride, it is possible to understand why Austen favors Elizabeth as her heroine. Elizabeth asserts agency, but follows protocol (though she exploits it for her own ends). 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Excerpt from a Lecture on Alchemy by Terence McKenna On the Moon and the Lunar Mansions IV. Extracts on the Moon V. The Mansions of the Moon: â€Å"On the Creation, Proportion and Composition of the Heavens for the Fashioning of Images† VI. The Picatrix: Lunar Mansions in Western AstrologyRead MoreRyanair Analyses44239 Words   |  177 Pages4.3. Air disaster 93 93 93 93 93 94 94 94 94 95 96 96 97 97 98 99 99 100 100 101 101 101 102 10. Conclusion 11. Epilogue 12. Summary 13. References 14. Appendix 103 108 109 111 120 5 1. Introduction 1.2. Preface As I have studied a M.Sc. in EU Business Law, I found it ideal to find a topic that would encompass both European business matters as well as aspects of EU law. The European airline industry suits this choice of topic very well as it is a business operating largely across EuropeanRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. 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MBA essay Free Essays

Dear , As a student of [state you university here] taking up Mathematical and Computer Science,]   I was trained to be proficient in the various disciplines within the sciences.   And now that I am graduating this December 2007, I plan to take up master’s in business administration in Lamar in order to pursue my short-term goal of expanding my knowledge in business. I believe that having expertise in both science and business could help me a lot in terms of my career path and personal development. We will write a custom essay sample on MBA essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Science and business are two fields that offer bountiful opportunities especially if complemented with each other. I believe that science incorporated with a good business acumen would be instrumental in the realization of my long-term goal of being a manager for an esteemed company in the future. I believe that a master’s in business administration would prove to be assistive for my dream to hold a managerial position in a reputable company. Taking a Lamar master’s in business administration would be of help in terms of giving me more insight in how to make a business venture successful and beneficial to many people. At present, I observe that mainstream business tend to be more focused in just earning money alone. The ethical side of business is often forgotten in order to give way to the unrelenting drive for profit. Questions such as â€Å"How could this business be advantageous to the general populace?†Ã‚   or â€Å"How could this business help create wealth for many people† are now in danger of becoming obsolete. It was thus encouraging to know that the Lamar MBA puts a stress on business ethics. This shows the integrity of the university in imparting to its students (and would-be students) an ethical and at the same time profitable business venture. What also encouraged me to apply is the university’s experiential approach to analyzing situations and solving problems. This makes the program more dynamic since it doesn’t adhere to one formula alone. It allows the students to utilize lessons culled from their own experiences in order to make business more effective. This is exiting and challenging for me given my background. Having middle eastern roots, I came from a very conservative family. My decision to study in the US was very difficult considering that my family was disposed to the idea that I stay and study in my own country [state your country here]. After a good deal of convincing, my family finally approved my decision to study here in the US. I would have easily given up if not for my belief for a globally focused business. And being a melting pot of different cultures, US is an ideal place to exercise my belief for unity in diversity. Seeing and experiencing two different worlds was a profoundly life-changing experience. It actually shaped my identity as a multi-perspective individual.   This I believe forms the basis of my leadership qualities. To be a good leader, one must be able to accommodate various ideas in order to make something more vibrant and varied. My idea of a good leader is someone who is open-minded yet at the same time firm in making decisions. I got my idea of how a leader should be after working for two months in the US military. I chose to work in the military in order to learn straight from my father who works in the military as a general manager. There, I witnessed the effective way of dealing with different kinds of people. I have learned that respect is a key element in team building. For a particular team to function, the members, especially the leader, must show respect to everyone. Each one must also be disciplined and professional in dealing with the task at hand. Moreover, constructive criticisms should always be expected from everyone in order to correct what needs to be corrected. My idea of an effective leader was affirmed after taking a class under Professor [name the professor here.] He now teaches in Lamar university, and this is also one of the reasons why I am applying to this program. Professor [name of professor here] taught me a lot of valuable things that could not be found in our textbooks. This is not to say however, that he dismissed the importance of learning from books. What he did in our class was complement the things found in our textbook with practical lessons from our daily experiences. The effect was a much more comprehensive class. He also understood each of his students’ own capabilities and did not in any way try to set one standard of what a â€Å"good† student is. For him, all of us have potential and it is actually up to us to hone and nurture that   potential. This encouraged the students to work harder and be more efficient. I wouldn’t deny that my desire to apply in this university is partly due him. But above all, it is my determination to learn business that inspired me to apply to this program. Given my disposition and qualifications, I tender my application in the hope of getting accepted. I believe that my vision for an ethical business combined with science fits into this master’s program. To my mind, the master’s program would be a great venue for me to fully realize my potential and vision for a new brand of business. Through this program, I believe I could learn more and at the same time impart something that would further enliven our knowledge of business. Hoping for your positive response,    How to cite MBA essay, Essay examples

Chronic Pain Using The Levett-Jones Clinical Reasoning Cycle

Question: Discuss about theChronic Pain Using the Levett-Jones Clinical Reasoning Cycle. Answer: Introduction: Chronic pain is an insidious health problem that affects almost all aspects of a patients life. Chronic pain has adverse implications on a patients physical and psycho-social functioning. Consequently, a health care professional, who in this case has the significant responsibility in the management of chronic pain, must be able to identify the effect of pain on the patient as well as the family of the patient and come up with ways of assessing the situation. Levett-Jones et al. (2015) argue that an efficient nurse-patient relationship is one of the most fundamental elements which should be incorporated in the chronic pain management process. The purpose of this paper therefore is to assess John Ryans case of chronic pain using Levett-Jones clinical reasoning cycle. Depending on Ryans case and considering that it is the first encounter with him a number of activities during this initial visit would be necessary. These activities and priorities will be essential in the management of the Ryans recurring pain and will also be of assistance in decision-making and ensuring provision of high health care to the patient. Ryans case would be developed within the eight stages involved in clinical reasoning which include; consideration of the patients situation, gathering of information, identification of the problems, identification of goals, taking an action, assessment of the outcomes and reflection (Levette-Jones Bourgeois , 2010). Therefore, the first activity would involve familiarizing with the patient. That is, the activity will involve gathering of personal information about the patient which includes; the patients age, family background, occupation and lifestyle. Such information is vital in establishing whether they could be the predisposing fa ctor to the patients ailment. For instance, it is estimated that chronic pain has the prevalence rate of between 27 percent and 51 percent among people aged 65 years and above (Makic, Martin, Burns, Philbrick Rauen,). Similarly, information about a patients family background could be used to determine whether the illness is as a result of inheritance or not. Occupation on the other hand is vital in establishing whether the patients situation could be aggravated by the daily activities he engages in. It could also determine the support that the patient gets from the family as well as the impact of the patients illness to the family members (Williams, Eccleston Morley, 2012). The second activity would involve review of the current information as well as gathering of new information. The current information includes reviews on the patients health history and the previous medical assessment. Ryans current information is such as his diagnosis with spinal stenosis at the age of forty, his current treatment with ibuprofen, baclofen and diazepam. It also includes the exercise therapy. It is also essential to review how Ryan copes with his situation and the mode of treatment. The new information may include determination of his current bpm and weight. In addition, other vital information includes determining how Ryan relates with people who are close to him. In essence, the review of current information and gathering of new information helps in the collection of data and helps in making the right judgment. For example, reviewing of Ryans cases information will aim in determining the extent to which his condition has interfered with his ability to perform some ac tivities as well as how it has affected him psychologically and socially. Another activity would entail the processing of the information gathered. Information processing involves a comparison of the newly obtained information and the already known information. Interpretation of data helps in determining whether a patients condition has improved or whether it is deteriorating. It is also vital in deciding on the intervention strategy to adopt. For example, a comparison of Ryans blood pressure from the previous recording and the current recording will assist in determining the variation. The case study has also reported that Ryan is not comfortable with the physical exercises, the medications and event the recurring pain that keeps him awake. He is discontented by the fact that he can no longer do some of the activities that he enjoyed doing such as hiking. Similarly, he has stopped attending regular checkups by his physiotherapist because none of the mentioned attempts helped in reducing his pain. Such information can be interpreted that the patients attit ude towards the modes of treatment is affected significantly and may affect his condition further. MacNeela et al. (2012) have argued that factors such as fears about medication, stoic attitude and fears about pain may interfere with the process of pain management. Therefore, data processing and interpretation is essential in making predictions about the outcome. Determining the patients problems is also another vital activity. From Ryans health history, it can be deduced that his major problem is the chronic back pain which is as a result of spinal stenosis. Other problems include hip pain, weakness in his left leg and loss of sensation in both legs. Ryan can also be considered to under stress due to his deteriorating health and the excruciating pain. According to Levett-Jones and Bourgeois (2010) patients with chronic pain are likely to suffer depression or stress. After the determination of problem, the other activity would include setting out of goals. It involves prioritization of intervention strategies. In Ryans case, goal setting on intervention strategy would largely depend on the extent of pain and the urgency of treatment. Levette-Jones and Bourgeois (2010) suggest that the setting of goal should be SMART. That is, a goal should be specific, measurable, attainable, and realistic and time based. Priorities for the Follow-up Visit The first priority in this case is to provide pain assessment and management of the chronic back pain. Pain assessment is an important approach towards pain management (Rush, Polatin, Gatchel, 2015). Indeed, Christianson (2016) contends that inadequate assessment of pain is one of the most challenging problems that interfere with pain control strategies. Therefore, pain assessment in Ryans case would include the assessment of when he experiences a lot of back pain as in when he is resting, sleeping or exercising. This is helpful in determining what factors could lead to pain aggravation and what intervention measures to use. For example, according to Ryan, he experiences much pain after sitting for a longer period of time or even when he walks or rides for long. Following this observation, it would be necessary to ensure the monitoring of the exercises Ryan engages in. He should minimize sitting hours, reduce the duration of walking and riding by doing it sparingly. Another pain non drug pain management strategy such as massage could also be introduced. Massage helps in the stimulation of fibers which are known to minimize central pain transmission and also reduces muscle tension (Newton et al. 2013). The second priority is pain assessment and management of the degeneration of the left hip. Firstly, it would be important to establish the causes of the hip pain, the weakness of his left leg and loss of feet sensation. It is essential to determine whether these problems could be linked to spinal stenosis. Spinal stenosis causes the narrowing of the spine which in turn exerts pressure on the nerves and the spinal cord thereby causing pain. Spinal stenosis causes the compression of nerves in the lumbar spine as in the case of Ryan. The effects of spinal stenosis are such as pain, muscle weakness and numbness. It particularly causes cramping of legs when one stands, sits, or walks for long (Ackerman, Buchbinder Osborne, 2012). During this stage, it would be considered viable to alter the previous medications as well as introduce new exercises and guide Ryan on how to do physical exercises. Thus, it would be necessary to prescribe the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antide pressants, opioids, muscle relaxants and anti seizure drugs in order to ease the pain (Jimmy Jose, 2011). The third priority will entail the determination of the history of pain since the inception of home-based pain management and assessment. The pain history provides information such as; the patients family expectations and beliefs about pain and stress management, the previous and the current pain experienced by the patient and its effects on him, the knowledge, preferences and expectations of the patient concerning the methods employed in pain management process and his description of pain. Additionally, pain history shows the patients response towards pain and how he is coping with the pain, the patients assessment of the pervious pain control methods in comparison to the new ones and which ones he finds helpful than the other and his attitude towards the use of medication. Finally, is to ensure that both patient and the family receive adequate education on chronic pain management. Patient and family education is recommended for chronic pain management (Dworkin et al. 2008). Both patient and the family ought to understand the essence of preventing and controlling pain as well as the importance of working closely with a health care provider. The patient should also report when he experiencing pain or when the nature of the pain changes. Similarly, both parties should be made aware of the various available interventions of chronic pain management (Lam Fresco, 2015). References Ackerman, I. N., Buchbinder, R., Osborne, R. H. (2012). Challenges in evaluating an Arthritis Self-Management Program for people with hip and knee osteoarthritis in real-world clinical settings. The Journal of rheumatology, 39(5), 1047-1055. Christianson, H. (2016). Alaska Nurse Practitioners Barriers to Use of Prescription Drug Monitoring Program. SAGE Publications. Dworkin, R. H., Turk, D. C., Wyrwich, K. W., Beaton, D., Cleeland, C. S., Farrar, J. T., Brandenburg, N. (2008). Interpreting the clinical importance of treatment outcomes in chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations. The Journal of Pain, 9(2), 105-121. Jimmy, B., Jose, J. (2011). Patient medication adherence: measures in daily practice. Oman Med J, 26(3), 155-159. Lam, W. Y., Fresco, P. (2015). Medication adherence measures: an overview. BioMed Res Int. Levett-Jones, T., Bourgeois, S. (2010). The clinical placement: An essential guide for nursing students. Elsevier Health Sciences. Levett-Jones, T., Pitt, V., Courtney-Pratt, H., Harbrow, G., Rossiter, R. (2015). What are the primary concerns of nursing students as they prepare for and contemplate their first clinical placement experience?. Nurse education in practice, 15(4), 304-309. MacNeela, P., Doyle, C., O'Gorman, D., Ruane, N., McGuire, B. E. (2015). Experiences of chronic low back pain: a meta-ethnography of qualitative research. Health psychology review, 9(1), 63-82. Makic, M. B. F., Martin, S. A., Burns, S., Philbrick, D., Rauen, C. (2013). Putting evidence into nursing practice: four traditional practices not supported by the evidence. Critical care nurse, 33(2), 28-42. Newton, B. J., Southall, J. L., Raphael, J. H., Ashford, R. L., LeMarchand, K. (2013). A narrative review of the impact of disbelief in chronic pain. Pain management nursing, 14(3), 161-171. Rush, A. J., Polatin, P., Gatchel, R. J. (2015). Depression and chronic low back pain: establishing priorities in treatment. Spine, 25(20), 2566-2571. Williams, A. C., Eccleston, C., Morley, S. (2012). Psychological therapies for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults. The cochrane library.

Jefferson Outfederalized the Federalists free essay sample

When presented with the treaty, Jefferson feared that signing treaty was unconstitutional because it wasnt directly stated in constitution. However, after thinking it over, Jefferson signed the treaty and rationalized for it through implied powers (Moran and Holder 164) and that he had the right under the constitution under the treaty-making powers (Brinkley 202).This went against the Republican view that the federal government only has he rights specifically mentioned in the constitution, and the constitution did not state that the President has the authority to purchase land from other countries. Finally, the Louisiana Purchase used federalist ideas by its vagueness. The treaty did not specifically set up boundaries but simply stated that the purchase was the same extent as when France and Spain owned it (Brinkley 202). With this one action, Jefferson went against two of his Republican views; interpreting the constitution as it is written and strong dates rights.Besides the Louisiana Purchase, many other not as important actions were taken that resembled federalists ideas. We will write a custom essay sample on Jefferson Outfederalized the Federalists or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Originally, republicans didnt want a national bank, but during Jefferson term, he allowed the first bank to continue without interference until its contract was up. His reasoning for this, which was in opposition to his view of an agrarian society, was that America was and needed to be more industrialized and as the nation became larger and more powerful, a source of financial union and order was needed.States rights were also weakened as a result of the signing of the Louisiana Purchase treaty. The treaty, along with the idea of implied powers, increased the executive powers, but at the same time decreased the strength of state governments. This went against the Republican view of states rights being more important than Federal rights. While Thomas Jefferson did show many Federalist tendencies, he still strongly supported Democratic-Republican views. Some of these views included his support against a national debt and strong states rights.Although states rights were weakened somewhat in his term, he still abolished the Excise Tax, which he felt was unconstitutional, and got rid of the Naturalization Act. In the case of the Louisiana Purchase, Jefferson was in a situation with almost only one logical choice. If he turned down the treaty, it left a large area of land open for other countries to settle and begin an empire in. So in doing what was best for the country, he inevitably adopted some of the Federalist views, mostly without a choice.

The Anticipatory It in English Grammar

The Anticipatory 'It' in English Grammar In English grammar, anticipatory it involves the placement of the pronoun  it in the usual subject position of a sentence as a stand-in for the postponed subject, which appears after the verb. It is also called an  extraposed subject. Anticipatory it  tends to place the emphasis on the verb or (more commonly) on the noun phrase that follows the verb.   When the subject works better at the end of the sentence,  anticipatory it is often the best way to go, and its commonly heard in everyday speech and found regularly in all types of writing. Shifting Nominal Clauses to the End Gerald C. Nelson and Sidney Greenbaum discuss nominal clauses in An Introduction to English Grammar (2013): It is unusual to have a nominal clause  as the subject of the sentence:  That they canceled the concert is a pity. Instead, the subject is usually moved to the end (the postponed subject), and its position is taken by it (the anticipatory subject):  It  is a pity that the concert was canceled. Here are some more examples: It  is likely  that well be moving to Glasgow. It  doesnt matter to me  who pays for my ticket.Its impossible  to say when they are arriving. It  has not been announced  whether negotiations between the employers and the employees have broken down. The exception is that nominal  -ing  clauses  are natural in the normal subject position: Having a good self-image  keeps me sane.Living in France  was a wonderful experience. Anticipatory It, Dummy It, and Preparatory It Bas Aarts, Sylvia Chalker, and Edmund Weiner sort through more grammatical it details in The Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar from  2014. In the first sentence below,  it is an anticipatory subject (the grammatical subject), and in the second  sentence it is an anticipatory object: It  is better  to have loved and lost  than never to have loved at all.I take  it that you agree with me. There  is considerable confusion in the usage of the terms available to describe the various functions of the word it. For some grammarians,  anticipatory it (used with  extraposition) and  preparatory it  are  identical, but they distinguish this usage from  dummy it,  as in  It is raining. Others use all or some of these terms differently or use one of them as an umbrella term. Examples of Anticipatory It It is a shame that the break-in wasnt immediately reported to the police.It is clear that inadequate resources will have an impact on the care of children with disabilities.  Its no concern of mine what happens in this village, so long as my customers dont quarrel when theyre in here. John Rhode (Cecil Street), Murder at Lilac Cottage (1940)It is time you stopped  working. You are the head of the family and it is right that you should be at home to see that everything is in order. Masti Venkatesha  Iyengar, The Curds-Seller in Best Loved Indian Stories, Volume 2 ed. by  Indira Srinivasan and Chetna Bhatt (1999)

Research Paper Outline with Reference Citations Essay

Research Paper Outline with Reference Citations - Essay Example . Outcomes related to ethics can be viewed in all aspects of the organization, from the perception of employees regarding fairness, to the engagement and retention and finally to the reputation and sustainability. Culture might not be the only determinant of organizational behavior, but it certainly has its influence. A company can amend and reinforce its ethical culture with symbols, stories, routines and rituals. The organizational culture explains both the ethical actions and the unethical behavior within an organization. Collection of like- minded employees strengthens the unitary culture within the organization and promotes their ethics even more. Leadership behaviors which support the ethical behaviors leads in formation of an ethically-oriented culture (LRN). The idea that is sent by the business leaders through the organizational culture helps in determination of the business ethics at the workplace- how ethics are defined, promoted, perceived, demonstrated and lived. On the basis of foundation of clear and solid corporate values for the ethical behavior, decision making can be done, fostering fairness, trust, compliance and transparency. With increasing size of organization, leaders have to understand that people come from different perspectives, values, backgrounds and cultures. Chmielewski, C. (2004). Values and culture in ethical decision making. Retrieved 2 Mar 2014 from, http://www.nacada.ksu.edu/Resources/Clearinghouse/View-Articles/Values-and-culture-in-ethical-decision-making.aspx Lockwood, N.R. (2009). Business Ethics: The Role of Culture and Values for an Ethical Workplace. Retrieved 2 March 2014, from https://www.shrm.org/Research/Articles/Documents/09-0711_RQ_4_2009_FINAL.pdf Congress, E.P. (2004). Cultural and Ethical Issues in Working with Culturally Diverse Patients and Their Families: The Use of theCulturagram to Promote Cultural Competent Practice in Health Care Settings. Retrieved 2 March 2014 from,

Research Narrative Sir Isaac Newton Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research Narrative Sir Isaac Newton - Essay Example To begin my search, I went to the Internet and entered 'Sir Isaac Newton' into Google. As was to be expected, the number of entries was enormous. I began by looking at Wikipedia and a short biography by Alfred Hall. In reading these two web site entries, I became interested in Newton's religious views and how these compared to his scientific understanding. Newton lived in an age of considerable discord between the church and science and it seemed like a topic worthy of further research. Though the information I had gained from Wikipedia and the biography were helpful, they were simply web sites and the information's accuracy may be questionable. There was also simply not enough information on his religious views to be very helpful. I planned my next phase of research to be focused on finding credible resources that dealt with Newton's seemingly contradictory religious and scientific views of the universe. I again went to Google.com and entered 'Isaac Newton religion'. Again, there were a vast number of entries. I went to the web site Newton.org and found some writings by a professor of History of Science and Technology at University of King's College in Halifax, Nova Scotia. In one of his writings he comments on some recently discovered writings of Newton and says, "Leaving behind four million words on theology, Newton was one of the greatest lay theologians of his age. A study of Newton's theology and prophetic views illuminates the life of this great thinker and helps us understand his science" (Snobelen b.). These words directed me towards the newly discovered works of Newton and the site provided several links to articles. In reviewing the links from the web site, I decided to look for articles that were focused on the topic and were from reliable sources. I would restrict my searches to journals, university papers, and edited material that had been professionally reviewed. I was looking for fact and not opinion. I wanted articles that quoted Newton or gave some factual basis for the information they offered. I reviewed a 1999 article that appeared in the British Journal of History and Science. It was a lengthy article that spoke about Newton's dual nature of science and religion. The author claimed that Newton was a devout Christian that believed the church should be reformed and returned to its roots. Yet, we only have recently discovered that Newton was very religious. Why had he not made this known during his lifetime According to Haynes writing in the Religion of the Bible and the Religion of the Pulpit Compared, published in 1747 in London, "...it was fear of persecution and pressures from orthodoxy that stilled Newton's tongue, weakened his zeal and prevented him from leading this return to primitive Christianity" (qtd. in Snoleben a. 391). This was evidence that was written in the age of Newton that suggested he was under pressure from the church to not create a controversy. I had found and verified that Newton was a religious scientist and wanted to find out more specifically what his viewpoint of the universe and creation was. On the Isaac-Newton.org website I found a link to the Newton Project Canada. This was a web site sponsored by King's College in Canada that had made Newton's private manuscripts available to the public. At the Newton Project, there were numerous original works by Newton available. I found

Researcch paper on human geography topic Olympic tourism and economics Essay

Researcch paper on human geography topic Olympic tourism and economics - Essay Example When tourists return home from Olympics, people back home hear stories of their experiences from them and form opinions or change their existing opinions about these countries, which may motivate them to visit these countries. Foreign tourists create an impact of major economic significance. The greater the facilities in anticipation of the Games, the greater will the number of tourists who visit the country to watch the Games. A city gains an awareness and an image by virtue of hosting the Games, which "is a very important Olympic legacy" (Preuss, n.d., p.3). The transfer of a city's image occurs through information from media reports, direct communication from tourists, advertisements and personal visits. There is also some negative impact of Olympics on tourism which is more often than not overlooked. The Games may persuade a certain group of tourists to stay away from the host city. Preuss (n.d., p.7) classifies them as avoiders, time switchers, changers, and runaways. Avoiders a re tourists who would have visited the city but for the Olympics. Time switchers are tourists who want to visit the city but would choose another time. Changers are residents who would prefer to take their holiday and leave the city at the time of Olympics. Runaways are residents who leave the city at the time of Olympics for a holiday elsewhere. On the contrary, "home stayers" are residents who opt to stay back and spend their money in the host city during Olympics, "Olympians" are tourists who travel to the host city because of the Olympics and "extentioners" are tourists who are already in the host city and who stay on longer because of the Olympics (Preuss, n.d.. p.7). Mega-sports events like Olympics, projected for their immense tourism and economic potential, have also great potential for corruption for selfish political gains. The bidding process itself poses immense scope for corruption. "Bribery, first-class travel, showers of gifts, credit cards for IOC member shopping sprees and IOC hostesses are some of the costs incurred by bidding cities" (Higham, 1999, p.82). According to Jennings (as cited in Higham, 1999, p.83), the bidding process is "a most effective means of transferring money from the public purse into private pockets." Mega events like the Olympics needs huge infrastructural facilities and the large-scale developments that a host city undertakes in anticipation of such an event ensures large-scale economic benefits to the private sector rather than economic opportunities for the residents of the host city. The intervention of business and commercial interests through Olympic sponsors has led to such dramatic expansion of Olympic s ports that "no single city now can provide sufficient urban infrastructure" (Higham, 1999, p.84). Sports of a lesser label is not associated with these problems, as they are hosted in a city within its existing infrastructure and capacity thresholds, with the atmosphere promoted due to the subculture of supporters. This might enhance the image of the host city, as the sport becomes one of its cultural attractions. This form of sport-motivated tourism brings economic benefits to the local community without causing a strain on its public

The Arguments For Privatization

The Arguments For Privatization Privatization is transfer of state owned enterprises to private ownership. William Megginson and Jeffrey M. Netter(2000) defined privatization politically and economically, as the deliberate sale by a government of state owned enterprises(SOEs) of assets to private economic agents. According to Charles A Ntiri (2010); Privatization has been defined by economic scholars and jurists to encompass a wide range of options for involvement of private capital and management in the running and operations of public enterprises It may involve the total transfer of public ownership and assets structures to private companies or conversion of public enterprises to private entities or incorporation of new private entities in place of public enterprises which can be by management transfers etc. He also quote Heydare Kord-Zanganeh (2001) on privatization to refer to all initiatives designed to increase the role of private entities for applying society resources to produce products and services by dec reasing and restricting government or official roles. Lumbini Kulasekera (2001) in his article on Restructuring stated-owned enterprises through privatization explain that, the system of state enterprises was established to provide support. Support for consumers in form of better products and services at less cost. Support for workers in form of rewarding and meaningful employment .Support for the government in form of revenues. Many state enterprises can no longer provide this support .In fact they are in need of support themselves .These institutions in fact, should be productive national assets, making a contribution to the progress and welfare of the country. But years of politicization, corruption, mismanagement, inadequate investment, lack of vision and discipline have stripped them of their potential making them colossal liabilities.Over the years enormous amounts of money have been spent to sustain ailing state enterprises. Governments borrow heavily from the state banks and from foreign financial institutions. Aid donors will n o longer support wasteful expenditure .Therefore either unproductive state enterprises will have to be shut down or the entire economy will go bankrupt. Privatization therefore is inevitable and necessary. This essay explain the arguments for privatization of state owned enterprises in emerging markets and why state owned banks in emerging markets have not been privatized. The essay comprises of three sections; Introductory part, arguments for privatization of state owned enterprises and why state owned banks have not been privatized in emerging markets, conclusion has been done respectively in each of the second and third section respectively. Arguments for privatization There are different arguments for privatization of state owned enterprises in emerging market in support of different researches done earlier concerning the privatization in emerging economies. William L. Megginson Jeffry M.Netter(2000) argue that, Contracting ability impacts the efficiency of state and private ownership. Government ownership of firms results in problems in defining the goals of the firm. He also quote Hansmann and Kraakman(2000), While the shareholder-wealth maximizing model of corporate organization is becoming increasingly dominant in part because of the advantages of having a well-defined corporate goal, he continued that governments have many objectives other than profit or shareholder-wealth maximization. Further, government objectives can change from one administration to the next. The inability of the government to credibly commit to a policy can significantly reduce the efficiency of a firms operations and governance. Even if the government does attempt to maximize social welfare, for example, welfare is a difficult thing to measure and use in guiding policy. In addition, the governments goals can be inconsistent with efficiency, inconsistent with maximizing social welfare, or even malevolent (he quoted Laffont and Tirole, 1993 and Shleifer, 1999).In addition, even if the government and the nations citizens agree that profit maximizing is the goal of the firm, it is difficult to write complete contracts that adequately tie managers incentives to that goal. Shleifer (1999) argues that the owners of public firms (the nations citizens) are less able to write complete contracts with their managers because of their diffuse nature, making it difficult to tie the managers incentives to the returns from their decisions. This is a subset of the broader arguments based in property rights and agency costs that there will be differences in performance between government and privately held firms because there are a broader range of monitoring devices under private ownership. William L. Megginson Jeffry M. Netter (2000) argue that, Ownership structure affects the ease with which government can intervene in the operations of a firm. Of course, governments can intervene in the operations of any firm, either public or private. However, the governments transaction costs of intervening in production arrangements and other decisions of the firm are greater when firms are privately owned. Thus, to the extent that government intervention has greater costs than benefits, private ownership is preferred to public ownership (Sappington and Stiglitz, 1987). William L. Megginson Jeffry M. Netter (2000) also argue that, a major source of inefficiency in public firms stems from less-prosperous firms being allowed to rely on the government for funding, leading to soft budget constraints. The state is unlikely to allow a large SOE to face bankruptcy. Thus, the discipline enforced on private firms by the capital markets and the threat of financial distress is less important for state-owned firms. Kornai (1998, 1993), Berglof and Roland (1998), and Frydman, Gray, Hessel, and Rapaczynski (2000) all suggest that soft budget constraints were a major source of inefficiency in Communist firms. They also note that supposedly hard budget constraints imposed by a government on SOEs are not very effective either. William L. Megginson Jeffry M. Netter (2000) also argue that, Privatization can impact efficiency through its effect on government fiscal conditions. As noted in Section 1, governments have raised huge amounts of money by selling SOEs. Such sales have helped reduce the fiscal deficit in many countries. Though important, examining the efficiency effects of reducing government deficits is beyond the scope of this paper. Davis, Ossowski, Richardson and Barnett (2000) show that privatization has significant positive effects on governments fiscal conditions. William L. Megginson Jeffry M. Netter (2000) also argue that, At a macroeconomic level, privatization can help develop product and security markets. One important motivation for privatization is to help develop factor and product markets, as well as security markets. As discussed above, welfare economics argues that efficiency is achieved through competitive markets. Thus, to the extent that privatization promotes competition, privatization can have important efficiency effects. Inevitably, the effectiveness of privatization programs and markets themselves are simultaneously determined. It has been clear in the transition economies that the success of the privatization program depends on the strength of the markets within the same country, and vice versa. Thus, the impact of privatization will differ across countries depending on the strength of the existing private sector. The empirical evidence shows that this is the case. Market Socialism: The opponents of privatization argue that neoclassical economics welfare theorems should also work in an economy with public ownership .Instead of a soviet type economy with public ownership and planning, one can imagine a market socialism (Barone 1908; Lange 1936) system where firms are publicly owned, but exchange occurs in competitive markets, and SOE managers are incentivized via performance contracts. Some adherents of market socialism argue this is exactly what has been successfully implemented in China ( Critics of this idea argue that is very hard for the government to commit not to intervene in markets .Under market socialism, the government is omnipotent and can directly control all the prices. Therefore ,it is hard to protect market competition from the government monopoly , which would not only expropriate the consumer surplus but would also undermine efficiency .It is also hard for the government to commit to the strict antitrust policy that weakens the market power of state-owned firms. Even in an open economy which imports product market competition ,the government still wields a monopoly in the labor market and in markets for nontradeables.The government is also unable to commit to abstain from political pursuit s while designing and enforcing managements contracts. Another problem of government ownership is the liability to ensure the exit of failing firms. Governments (or government banks) often bail out firms, private or public, in order to preserve employment. This problem is especially severe in the case of public firms .It is essentially impossible for the state to commit to not bailing out its own firms. The resulting soft budget constraints further aggravate the incentives problem for state owned enterprises. Yet another argument in favor of private ownership is the importance of innovation; Shleifer 1998 argues that innovation can only prosper under private ownership .While inventors can come up with great ideas independently of the predominant ownership forms; further development commercialization of innovative ideas is certainly more likely under private ownership. Government revenue: Privatization helps to raise revenues for Government. State owned enterprises comprises of multiplicity of goals, they wants to maximize profit but they focus more on social security for the citizen, increase of employment might lead to overstaffing hence increase more cost on operations, Insufficient quality of facilities like machines for production ,leads to poor and incompetent products which cannot lead to generation of more profit. According to Sergei Guriev and William Megginson (2005) comments that private ownership strengthens the incentives for profit maximazion and therefore should lead to increased productive and allocative efficiency. Market failures. SOEs (State owned Enterprises) lack innovation that leads failure in the market. This is due to the fact that government aids compensate them even when they make losses so that they continue to operate and avoid the large number of unemployment. Sergei Guriev and William Megginson (2005) said that market failure even when they exist, do not have to be collected through public ownership. Much can be achieved through regulation, taxation, and private provision of public goods (through profit maximizing firms or nonprofit organizations. They also say that Public ownership may not resolve all the relevant issues both in democrat and in non regimes politicians are often concerned with issues other than economic efficient and social welfare; they may be either driven by political motives or simply corrupt.Privatisation reduces the ability to pursue political objectives. Megginson and natter (2000) argue that, Privatization tends to help the greatest positive impact in those cases where the role for the government in licensing the market failure is the weakest. By conclusion, There is growing body of empirical evidence on all aspects of privatization that uses detailed datasets and up-to-date methodology this empirical evidence provides solid evidence that privatization generally works both for the firms that are privatized and for privatizing economies as a whole. While privatization usually results both in increased productivity and reduced employment in privatized firms, fears of negative overall effects at the economy level are not justified. An important caveat here of those benefits of privatization depends on market institutions being in place. The countries that manage to ensure property rights protection and the rule of law, impose hard budget, increase competition, and improve corporate governance reap the largest benefits. If appropriate institutions are not in place, privatization often fails to improve performance at the firm level and for the economy as a whole. Empirical evidence provides a strong case for openness in privatization .Virtually all point to a positive role of foreign investors. Firms privatized to foreign owners exhibit the highest productivity increases .Moreover, as foreign owners usually buy the assets in a more competitive biddings process, they are likely to pay a high price for privatize assets and the threat of competition from foreign bidders also tends to raise the bids of domestic investors. Receiving a high net privatization price is important, not only for fiscal reasons but also for the political legitimacy of emerging private property rights and the sustainability of reforms. Why have State-Owned Banks not been Privatized in Emerging Markets? Many emerging markets have not privatized their banking systems or face some challenges after privatization. Panicos Demetriades et al (2010) argue that, governments should not feel pressured to re-privatize the banks. Once the black sheep of high finance, government owned banks can reassure depositors about the safety of their savings and can help maintain a focus on productive investment in a world in which effective financial regulation remains more of an aspiration than a reality. Privatization of banks has been done in some of emerging markets for example Mexico, India and China. Mexico face banking crisis in 1994, India face some challenges as private owned banks could not meet their pre-privatization objectives, while China face crisis but were able to maintain. Privatization can cause banking crisis. Times of India, article on Privatization can cause banking crisis of by TNN, 16 November 2001; Prof V.S. Vyas, chairman of the governing board of institute of development studies, Jaipur, has given a call for preventing banking crisis through reckless privatization. He was delivering the valedictory address at the recently held national seminar on `privatization of banks at Mangalagangothri, organized by corporation bank chair in bank management. Vyas, also a member of the central board of directors of the reserve bank of India and Nabard, said the content and phase of the economic reforms are different in different countries. Therefore, any sweeping measures to privatize banks would cause a severe banking crisis. On the banking crises in south-east Asian countries, he said the government should not give absolute freedom to the private financial institutions and foreign banks. Any move to give market orientation to ownership of financial instit utions like banks must be judged by applying three criteria; better initiative and transparency, better efficiency, better capital accumulation and growth. There is no conclusive proof to show private banks is better than the public sector banks when these criteria are applied, he said. Mexico has been cited as having to privatize its banks and face financial Crisis. Haluk,Unal Miguel Navarro (1999) said that shortly after their privatization, Banco Union (BCH), Cremi, Grupo Havre, and Banpa is failed. Following the peso devaluation of December 20, 1994, the entire banking system needed to be re-privatized at great cost to the tax payer. What went wrong? It is safe to argue that the lack of a previously enhanced legal and regulatory framework was a major obstacle in the full achievement of objectives relating to bank privatization in general. Although several attempts were made to overhaul the banking system, efforts were insufficient at the beginning of the bank privatization process to increase supervision. Changes in the legal and regulatory framework of the financial sector should have begun long before the privatization process started, as they usually are a slow and gradual process. The newly privatized banking system in Mexico operated under an outdated regu latory environment and with a set of supervisory agencies unable to implement new regulations or enforce existing rules. Performance of private owned banks could not outweigh the performance of government owned banks. Times of India, article on Privatization can cause banking crisis of by TNN, 16 November 2001, Prof Vyas lauded the achievements of the public sector banks in India in the last 36 years, particularly in reaching out to the masses in the hither to neglected villages. Even in china, the banks could not reach the level of rural penetration which the Indian public sector banks have been able to. The solution to the stagnation of banks is minimizing bureaucratic control, not hasty privatization, he argued. Former syndicate bank chairman and Thingalaya alleged the government made the proposal to privatize banks to satisfy the international monetary foundation (IMF) and the World Bank. Thingalaya, also a member of the Karnataka state planning board, said while the private sector banks in India account for just 6 per cent of the rural lending, it is the public sector banks which have been helping the rural masses in a big way. P.V. Subbarao, Chief General Manager, reserve bank of India, Mumbai, said while the private sector banks in India operate only in limited areas with very little staff, these banks are serving numerous villages and towns. The new generation private sector banks, the old private sector banks and foreign banks have yet to develop the mass participation approach, he observed. According to D. Beim and C. Calomiris (2001) If banks are privatized before SOEs, bank owners may engage in buying more companies and become industrial empires. Foreign banks may out-complete domestic banks and leave them seriously weakened. D. Beim and C. Calomiris (2001) added that Capital inflows (short term loans and portfolio flows) can easily go into reverse (e.g. outflow) and create liquidity crisis. In conclusion we cite Panicos Demetriades et al (2010), at the moment, there is calm among bank depositors but premature privatization of government owned banks could change that. The empirical evidence suggests that the very existence of government owned banks has its roots in bad regulation. Privatizing banks without fixing the underlying cause could result in greater financial instability, not less. Moreover, as experience and other research shows, privatizing banks can only increase the power of bankers which can create fertile ground for more bad regulation. And if you thought that government owned banks are bad for long run growth, you need to think again. The empirical evidence suggests that government ownership of banks during 1995-2007 has, if anything, been associated with higher growth rates.

The Three Unique Characters of Poe’s The Fall of the House of Usher Es

The Three Unique Characters of Edgar Allan Poe’s The Fall of the House of Usher In Edgar Allan Poe’s, â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher,† the three characters are the unknown narrator, the narrators old time friend Roderick Usher, and Roderick’s sister Madeline Usher. The three characters are unique people with distinct characteristics, but they are tied together by the same type of â€Å"mental disorder†. They all suffer from insanity but they each respond to it differently. Roderick and his sister seem to have a spiritual attatchment, and the narrator begins to get sucked into it. The narrator is called for help by his old time friend Roderick Usher. There is a split feeling in the narrator’s mind between the rational and the supernatural. When he first arrives to the house, he sees a face in the tarn, a split crack in the house and the double image of his own face on the image of the house. Unlike Roderick, the narrator appears to be a man of common sense. He seems to have a good heart in that he comes to help a friend from his boyhood. Being educated and analytical, he observes that his friend Roderick has a mental disorder. The narrator tries to find scientific explanations for what Roderick senses, but when he can’t find one, he criticizes Roderick for his fantasies, and claims that Roderick is â€Å"enchained by certain superstitious impressions in regard to the dwelling which he tenated†. The narrator tries his hardest to help but he can’t because he ...

Catcher in the rye Essay

The novels The Catcher in the Rye by J.D Salinger and Ordinary People by Judith Guest are very comparable in a way; the two novels demonstrate the daily obstacles that teenagers have to overcome. In The Catcher in the Rye it is shown to us that Holden Caulfield is trying to overcome depression and in Ordinary People it is shown to us that Conrad Jarrett gets accepted by his family members and peers again and finds happiness after his depression. The loss of a sibling can have a big impact and similar effects on two different people’s lives, such as Holden Caulfield and Conrad Jarrett. Their thoughts and actions that they make are much influenced by their peers, parents or guardians, and female relationship in their lives. To begin with, in The Catcher in the Rye, Holden Caulfield does not have good relationship with his peers and instead he mainly criticizes them by thinking everyone around him is â€Å"phony†. For instance, since Holden is a â€Å"protector of innocence† he wanted to protect Jane, who is a girl that he once liked from Stradlater trying to do sexual intercourse, resulting into a fight. â€Å"†¦ [a]ll I know is I got up from the bed, like I was going down to the can or something, and then I tried to sock him, with all my might† (Salinger 43). This proves that through alienation Holden cannot get his feelings out quick enough which causes action to happen. Not only Holden uses violence to express his emotions but also Conrad Jarrett in the novel Ordinary People does the same. This can be shown when Conrad decides to attend a school swim-meet after school. As the meet ends, Conrad’s see his friends and as usual, Kevin Stillman begins to give Conrad a tough time, asking him about Jeannine. Conrad loses control and snaps by attacking Stillman â€Å"†¦ [t]he sound shattering the parking lot, the red brick wall of building behind him, the white doors, gray cement – all dissolving into broken bits of color, heading swiftly toward him as he slam his fist, hard, against that face† (Guest 143). After this conflict, Conrad realizes that he has always thought the loss of his brother only as it affects him. Next, this brings us to the theme of isolation in the context of peer relationships. In The Catcher in the Rye, Holden isolates himself from his peers. He relies on his isolation to maintain his detachment from the world and self-protection; he even often sabotages his own attempts to end loneliness. For instance, he calls out Sally Hayes for a date and urges her to run away with him to Massachusetts or Vermont, when Sally rejects him, he displays rude behavior as he states to her â€Å"[y]ou give me a royal pain in the ass, if you want to know the truth† (Salinger 133). On the other hand, Conrad opposes two types of characteristic in line with depression: a lack of feeling and a tendency towards isolation. Accordingly, Conrad creates an imaginary block between him and his peers. When he is alone, he would pull up onto his bed and â€Å"blocking out the sharp arrows of sun that pierce through the window† (Guest 10). In this way, he hides his unwanted emotions and feelings from his peers by being isolated. With the isolation between the two characters, they also lead into becoming anti-social with their peers. It is evident in The Catcher in the Rye that Holden does not have a good relationship with his peers. Holden has a strong anger against everyone and that results into having a hard time developing a relationship with peers. â€Å"Girls with lousy legs, girls that looked like swell girls, girls that looked like they’d be bitches if you knew them† (Salinger 123). This proves that Holden believes everyone surrounded by him are phonies because he cannot accept the fact that society changes. Likewise, Conrad becomes anti-social by spending more time in the library than with his friends and consequently he starts to lose his best friend Joe Lazenby. At one point in the novel, Joe Lazenby has a talk with Conrad, which ends up in an argument. Conrad then begins to feel hollow in the pit of his stomach, as if he was being punched and he thought to himself, â€Å"never mind him, screw him screw them they were all Buck’s friends anyway† (Guest 83). This suggests that Conrad is becoming more isolated and antisocial due to the loss of his brother Buck. Secondly, in addition to peer influence, Holden and Conrad are deeply affected by their relationships with their parents and guardians. To start off, Holden in the Catcher in the Rye is afraid to be seen by his parents from being kicked out of school. â€Å"I began to relax, sort of. I mean I finally quit worrying about whether they’d catch me home or not. I figured the hell with it. If they did, they did† (Salinger 163). It is apparent that the he does not want to be seen because his parents will just see him as a screw up, since his other brother D.B is more successful. This is similar to Conrad’s relationship with his parents in Ordinary People. Conrad feels that he is a disappointment to his parents, since his older brother has an image of being superior. To illustrate, â€Å"†¦ [b]ut it had been Conrad, shaken and scared who answered him, not Buck. Buck had never worried about anything† (Guest 117). Conrad is being compared to Buck, proving his weakness. Conrad is projecting a self-image of himself through his parents and which he is suggesting that he is â€Å"the problem†. As these two characters become more distant from their parents, they start receive less attention from them. In the case of Holden in the Catcher in the Rye, his parents just move him to another school instead of admitting that there may be something wrong with him. For example, â€Å" †¦ they’ll be pretty irritated about it, they really will. This is about the fourth school I’ve gone to† (Salinger 9). This indicates that Holden does not understand his parents and they do not understand him. In the same way, Conrad mostly has a hard time communicating with his mother and starts to feel isolated from her. For instance, it took Conrad one month to admit to his parents he had quit the swim team, as he was afraid of their disproval. When his parents found out, his mother becomes infuriated with him. Conrad replies and says, â€Å"I’m sure I would have told you. If you gave a damn!† (Guest 109). It is clear that the loss of Buck may have an impact on the poor communication between Conrad and his mother. It appears as though Conrad is still living in the pa st while his mother is trying to move on. Although the two characters have difficult relationships with their parents, they still have their guardians. To exemplify, Holden and his former school teacher Mr. Antolini have been friends for a long time, and the two are obviously close. It is evident Mr. Antolini cares a lot about his Holden, as he encourages him to take education more seriously and focus more on meaningful activities â€Å"I laid awake for just a couple of seconds thinking about all that stuff Mr. Antolini’d told me. About finding out the size of your mind and all. He was really a pretty smart guy† (Salinger 191). This demonstrates Mr. Antolini concerns about Holden. Similarly, Conrad is able to gain support from Dr. Berger, his psychiatrist. Conrad shows his close relationship with Dr. Berger by seeking lots of advice about his problems. For instance, Conrad was able to seek help from Dr. Berger when he was going through an emotional breakdown with his brother’s loss. Dr. Berger was able to provide comfort as he stated, â€Å"[i]t is a very far-out act of self-preservation, do you get that Con? And you were right. Nobody needs you to be Buck. It’s okay to be just you† (Guest 177). Dr. Berger ends up showing Conrad that healing from depression involves feeling anything, even anger. Lastly, Holden and Conrad each have important female figures in their lives. One of the important females to Holden would be his little ten-year-old sister, Phoebe. Phoebe helped Holden discover his problems and is the only one he trusts in his life. â€Å"Then I took my hunting hat out of my coat pocket and gave it to her. She likes those kind of crazy hats. She didn’t want to take it, but I made her† (Salinger 180). This demonstrates how much Holden trusts Phoebe because the red hunting hat was important to him during his journey. On the other hand, Conrad meets a girlfriend, Jeannine. Jeannine provides a rebuilding stage into Conrad’s life. While Jeannine is helping to rebuild Conrad’s life, Phoebe is helping Holden to resolve his problems. Although Phoebe is still young, she can tell that he needed her. For instance, Holden could not hold back and started to cry, â€Å"I couldn’t help it. I did it so nobody could hear me, but I did it †¦ she came over and tried to make me stop, but once you get started, you can’t just stop on a goddam dime† (Salinger 179). Jeannine gives Conrad the confidence required to challenge many problems. For example, â€Å"†¦ I said a stupid thing that day. I didn’t know about your brother, then. I’m sorry †¦ [t]here are worse things. People do worst things than that† (Guest 123). She lets him solves his own problems and does not get involved where she is not needed. Moreover, the girls have one similar effect on the boys; Phoebe and Jeannine makes them feel needed. To emphasize, Phoebe refuses Holden to leave for the West just to show how much she needs him. When Phoebe meets Holden, she states, â€Å"I’m going with you. Can I? Okay?† (Salinger 206). Also, when Jeannine was upset and started to cry over her mother’s new relationship with a man, Conrad was there to support her. Conrad mentioned that â€Å"[h]e feels as if he could stand here holding her forever †¦ he has never felt so strong, so needed† (Guest 159). This proves that without these females in both of Holden and Conrad’s lives, regaining and solving their problems would have been challenging. In conclusion, the lost connection in both of their lives was right in front of them the entire time. Both Holden and Conrad solved their problems with the love and forgiveness. Without their brothers that they have lost, parents and guardians, and female friends, the two main characters would not have been able to change into a better people In the end, the lesson that the two novels have taught us is that no matter what situation you are in, you will always be able to find your self and have support from many loved ones.

Nestle Group

Management On Nestle International Ltd MGT: 141 Principal of management Prepared For: Afrins farid Assistant Professor Faculty, Business Administration Prepaid By: Km Iftakharul huq| 12310527| Nusrat jahan| 12310305| Estiaq hasan| 12310312| Israt sharmin| 12310217| Farzana sultana| 12310219| Rakib hasan| 12310532| University of Information Technology & Science (UITS) Contents December, 12, 2012 To, Afrins farid Assistant Professor Faculty, Business Administration University Of Information Technology & ScienceSubject: Submission of a report. Dear Madam, With due regards and respect we state that we are very thankful to you as you assigned us this report on ‘’Management in Nestle International Ltd’’. it is a great opportunity for us to acquire the theoretical & practical knowledge about five functions of management in Nestle International Ltd which is a reputed multinational organization . we have tried our best to gather what we believe to be The most comple te information available. Sincerely THE MANAGER 2. HistoryNestle – the world's largest food group, not only in terms of its sales but also in terms of its product range and its geographical presence: Nestle covers nearly every field of nutrition: infant formula, milk products, chocolate and confectionery, instant coffee, ice-cream, culinary products, frozen ready-made meals, mineral water etc. We are also a major producer of pet food. In most of these product groups and in most markets, Nestle is the leader or at least a strong number two. We are a very focused Company, with more than 94 percent of the sales coming from the food and beverage sector.Nestle is present around the globe, on all continents, with around 230,000 people working in more in an 84 countries with 466 factories and with sales representatives in at least another 70 countries. Many of our brand names are familiar to you: Nescafe, Nido, Maggi, Polo, Smartest, Milo, Perrier, Friskies, KitKat, Crunch†¦. S ome of our products have broken records: 3,000 cups of Nescafe are consumed every second. and KitKat merited an entry in the Guinness Book of World Records as the world's best-selling chocolate bar with 418 KitKat fingers eaten every second around the world!Nestle management provided their employees functionally with good environment, they also influences their employees various facilities like Healthy Salaries, increments. We are acquired more experience to research and analysis this report, that help us future job performance. We create this by Microsoft office 2007. Finally, we thanked those people who are help through valuable information of as. Also thanks our honorable Teacher Afrins farid for her guideline 2. 1Background of the Report: Management is a phenomenon.It is a very popular and widely used term. All organization are involved in management because it helps and directs the various efforts towards a definite purpose. We are student of BBA program, our principal of manag ement Afrins Farid Assigned as to prepare a report on ’Management in Nestle International Ltd’’. We have made a survey for required information in Nestle official site in net. We have selected our topics as ’Management in Nestle International Ltd’’. We have prepared our report on December 07, 2012 which will be submitted by December 12, 2012. . 1. 2Objective: The report aims to provide information on suggest more valuable information a report on ‘Management on Nestle International Ltd’. The objective of Nestle is to gain more market share and become the global market leader in the Food and Nutrition industry. The company has to experience a hardship in order to sustain that position especially to stay ahead of Cadbury. It is because that Cadbury is being acquired by Kraft food which is the world leader in the chocolate business.Nestle's business objective, and that of management and employees at all levels, is to manufacture and market the Company’s products in such a way as to create value that can be sustained over the long term for shareholders, employees, consumers, business partners and the large number of national economies in which Nestle operates; 1. 2 Management. Objectives: The report aims to provide 3Primary employee motivated effected by the Nestle International Ltd though information on suggest more valuable information to how the 1. 2. 1Scope of the study:There is a certain boundary to cover this report. Our particular report only covers on how the ‘Management on Nestle International Ltd’. we mainly focus five function of business ; managerial skills. 1. 2. 2. Limitation of the study: We are lucky enough to get change to prepare a report on ‘Management on Nestle International Ltd’. We tried heart ; soul to purpose a well-informed a report. But unfortunates we faced some difficulties’ when preparing this report. We tried to overcome the difficulties. In spite of trying our level best some difficulties that hamper our schedule report work.The employee of regional office of Bangladesh was too busy of their work. For this, they did not sufficient time to fulfill our queries and some of them neglected us to support. 1. 2. 3. Difficulty in collecting data: Many employers of the organization were not well known about all information that we asked them. Many of them also hesitated to answer the questions. These things humped the information collection. 1. INTRODUCTION Nestle with headquarters in Vevey, Switzerland was founded in 1866 by Henri Nestle and is today the world's leading nutrition, health and wellness  Company.Sales for 2007 were CHF 107. 6 ban, with a net profit of CHF  10. 6 bn. We employ around 276  050 people and have factories or operations in almost every country in the world. The Company's strategy is guided by several fundamental principles. Nestle's existing products grow through innovation and renovation while m aintaining a balance in geographic activities and product lines. Long-term potential is never sacrificed for short-term performance. The Company's priority is to bring the best and most relevant products to people, wherever they are, whatever their needs, throughout their lives.The Nestle Addresses navigation at the top of this page will give you access to Nestle offices and websites around the world. We demonstrate through our way of doing business in all the countries where we are present a deep understanding of the local nature of nutrition, health and wellness; we know that there is no one single product for everyone – our products are tailored to suit tastes and habits wherever you are. 1. 1Nestle at a glance: Nestle S. A. Industry Food processing Founded Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company (1866) Ferine Lactee Henri Nestle (1867)Nestle and Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company (1905) Founder(s) Henri Nestle, Charles Page, George Page * Henri Nestle endowed his company with the symbol derived from his name. His family coat of arms, the nest with a mother bird * protecting her young, became the Company's logo and a symbol of the Company's care * and attitude to life-long nutrition. The Nestle nest represents the nourishment, security and sense of family that are so essential to life. * Headquarters Vevey, Switzerland * Area served Worldwide * Key people Peter Brabeck-Letmathe (Chairman)Paul Bulcke (CEO) * Products Baby food, coffee, dairy products, breakfast cereals, confectionery, bottled water, ice cream, pet foods) * Revenue CHF 83. 64  billion (2011) * Operating income CHF 12. 53  billion (2011) * Profit CHF 9. 487  billion (2011) * Total assets CHF 114. 09  billion (2011) * Total equity CHF 58. 27  billion (2011) * Employees 328,000 (2012) * Website www. nestle. com 1. 1. 2 KEY DATES 1866|   | Foundation of Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Co. | 1867|   | Henry Nestle's Infant cereal developed| 1905|   | Nestle and Anglo Swiss Condensed M ilk Co. new name after merger)| 1929|   | Merger with Peter, Cailler, Kohler Chocolats Suisses S. A. | 1934|   | Launch of Milo| 1938|   | Launch of Nescafe| 1947|   | Nestle Alimentana S. A. (New name after merger with Maggi)| 1948|   | Launch of Nestea and Nesquik| 1969|   | Vittel (initially equity interest only)| 1971|   | Merger with Ursina-Franck| 1973|   | Stouffer (with Lean Cuisine)| 1974|   | L'Oreal (associate)| 1977|   | Nestle S. A. (new company name)| |   | Alcon (2002: partial IPO)| | | | 1981|   | Galderma (joint venture with L’Oreal)| 1985|   | Carnation (with Coffee Mate and Friskies)| 986|   | Creation of Nestle Nespresso S. A. | 1988|   | Buitoni-Perugina, Rowntree (with Kit Kat)| 1990|   | Cereal Partners Worldwide (joint venture with General Mills)| 1991|   | Beverage Partners Worldwide (joint venture with Coca-Cola)| 1992|   | Perrier (with Poland Spring)| 1993|   | Creation of Nestle Sources Internationals (2002: N estle Waters)| 1997|   | Creation of Nutrition Strategic Business Division (2006: Nestle Nutrition)| 1998|   | San Pellegrino and Spillers Pet foods| |   | Launch of Nestle Pure Life | 2000|   | Power Bar| 2001|   | Ralston Purina| 2002|   | Scholler and Chef America|   | Dairy Partners Americas (joint venture with Fonterra)|   |   | Laboratories inneov (joint venture with L’Oreal)| 2003|   | Move pick and Dreyer's| 2005|   | Wagner, Proteika and Musashi| 2006|   | Acquisition of Uncle Toby’s and Jenny Craig. Creation of Foodservices Strategic Business Division|   |   | Lactalis Nestle Produits Frais (associate)| |   | Jenny Craig, Uncle Toby’s and Delta Ice Cream| 2007|   | Acquisition of Novartis Medical Nutrition, Gerber and Henniez. |   |   | Re-launch of Foodservices as Nestle Professional. |   |   | Partnership with luxury chocolate maker Pierre Marcolini. 1. 1. 3 Vision Beyond sound nutrition, the future of foods wi ll increasingly be driven by science. Nestle scientists are looking ahead to the foods of the future. Nestle  R&D  is translating nutrition and food science in two ways: * From consumer needs into research priorities * From emerging science into consumer benefits, and services. The vision of Nestle  R&D  is long term. 1. 1. 4 Mission At Nestle, we believe that research can help us to make better food, so that people live better life. Good food is the primary source of good health, so we are trying to make good food.To provide fresh and pure products to the customers, we introduced (SHE) Safety, Health and environment policy to protect health of our employs and keep clean our surrounding environment. 3. Senior Management: The executive board, a distinct entity from the board of directors, includes: * Peter Brabeck-Letmathe, Chairman of the Board of Directors, Nestle S. A. * Paul Buckle, Chief Executive Officer, Nestle S. A. * Werner Bauer, Executive Vice President, Nestle S. A. , Chief Technology Officer, Head of Innovation, Technology, Research & Development * Friz van Dijk, Executive Vice President, Nestle S.A. Asia, Oceania, Africa, Middle East * Chris Johnson, Executive Vice President, Nestle S. A. United States of America, Canada, Latin America, Caribbean * Jose Lopez, Executive Vice President, Nestle S. A. Operations, GLOBE * John J. Harris, Executive Vice President, Nestle S. A. Chairman & CEO of Nestle Waters * Nandu Nandkishore, Executive Vice President, Nestle S. A. CEO of Nestle Nutrition * James Singh, Executive Vice President, Nestle S. A. Finance and Control, Legal, IP, Tax, Global Nestle Business Services * Laurent Freixe, Executive Vice President, Nestle S. A. Europe * PetraeaHeynike, Executive Vice President, Nestle S. A. Strategic Business Units, Marketing, Sales and Nespresso * Marc Caira, Deputy Executive Vice President, Nestle S. A. Head of Nestle Professional Strategic Business Division * Jean-Marc Duvoisin, Deputy Executive Vice P resident Nestle S. A. Head of Human Resources and Centre Administration * David P. Frick, Senior Vice President and ex officio Member of the Executive Board Brazil headquarters in Brooklin Novo, Sao Paulo According to a 2006 global survey of online consumers by the Reputation Institute, Nestle has a reputation score of 70. 4 on a scale of 1–100. . 1. Management of Nestle Management of Nestle believes in an open door policy and highly discourages bureaucracy in the operational process. The Organization offers an international and multicultural working climate which is conducive to creativity, innovation and the development of personality, and which gives new employees responsibility at an early stage of their career, and opportunities of fast development of high performers. Nestle is a human company where people are the most important asset and where they can develop their personality and skills to their own and their families' satisfaction.Nestle offers a competitive compensa tion package and social benefits in line with Nestle's commitment to high standards. In addition, the organization offers progressive development through on-going training throughout your career. Training possibilities are available to all staff. Nestle recently introduced e-learning in Bangladesh, a web-based programmed for self development. When joining Nestle, your training is not over – it is only just the beginning Management is defined as the process of setting and achieving goals through the execution of 5 basic management functions that utilize human, financial and material resources. Efficiently means using resources optimally / best possible use * Effectively means getting the things done/making right decision and implementation 4. PLANNING Planning of Nestle: Planning: Deciding what needs to happen in the future (today, next week, next month, next year, over the next five years, etc. ) and generating plans for action. * Decision Making and the Planning Process Stra tegic goals Strategic plans Tactical goals Operational goals Operational plans The organization’s mission The Environmental Context †¢ Purpose †¢ Premises †¢ Values †¢ Directions Tactical plansKinds of organization plan * Strategic Plans * A general plan outlining resource allocation, priorities, and action steps to achieve strategic goals. The plans are set by and for top management. * Tactical Plans * A plan aimed at achieving the tactical goals set by and for middle management. * Operational Plans * Plans that have a short-term focus. These plans are set by and for lower-level managers. 4. 1. 1 Time frame for planning * The Time Dimension of Planning * Is based on the principle of commitment. Planning must provide sufficient time to fulfill the managerial commitments involved. Long-range Plans * Cover present and future strategic issues; normally extend beyond five years in the future. * Intermediate Plans * Usually cover from 1 to 5 years and parallel tactical plans. * Are the principal focuses of organizational planning efforts. * Short-range Plans * Have a time frame of one year or less. * include action plans and reaction (contingency) plan 4. 1. 2Planning Staff * Planning staff personnel gather information, coordinate planning activities, and take a broader view than individual managers. * Planning Task Force * Created when the organization wants special circumstance addressed. * Board of Directors * Establishes corporate mission and strategy. May engage in strategic planning * Chief Executive Officer * Usually serves as president or chair of the board of directors. Has a major role in the planning process and implements the strategy 4. 1. 3. B arrier to goal setting and planning: 4. 1. 4Policies and strategies in the planning process * They give mid and lower-level managers a good idea of the future plans for each department in an organization. * A framework is created whereby plans and decisions are made. Mid and lower-leve l management may add their own plans to the business's strategies.. Organizing: (Implementation)pattern of relationships among workers, making optimum use of the resources required to enable the successful carrying out of plans. Nestle has a Board of Directors, led by our Chairman Peter Brabeck-Letmathe, who was the former Nestle CEO. There are 14 members of the Board of Directors. Full details of each member and the committees that they operate within can be found in our Board of Directors section. The day to day management of the Nestle business is taken care of by our Executive Board members.The 13 designated Board Members manage diverse parts of the global business and a full curriculum vital of each member can be found in the Executive Board section. In addition to how our managers carry out their work as leaders, Nestle pragmatically implements The following organizational principles: †¢ Being as decentralized as possible to optimally respond to the needs of consumers, wi thin the framework defined by our fundamental policies, strategic directions and operational efficiencies †¢ Ensuring collaboration of all Nestle businesses and compliance with Nestle principles, policies And standards (Nestle in the Market approach) Building and maintaining a structure which assures operational speed, with a strong focus on results and removing unnecessary obstacles. †¢ Establishing flat and flexible organizations with minimal levels of management and broad spans of control, which also enable people development. †¢ Setting a shared vision and common goals to leverage the strength of people and organizational alignment. †¢ Defining clear levels of responsibility. Teamwork does not affect the manager’s duty towards his/her people and business results . A team must always have a leader who assumes full responsibility 4. 2. 1.A Mutual commitment: Living up to the Nestle Management and Leadership Principles is a commitment and a responsibility for everyone in our Company. To be effective, engaging and inspiring, all Nestle people must â€Å"walk the talk† and lead by example in their daily work; in this context, actions speak louder than words. Therefore, at Nestle, in addition to professional skills – and regardless of origin, nationality, religion, race, gender, sexual orientation and age – the capacity and willingness to live up to these principles are the key criteria’s for progressing within the organization 5. Staffing:Job analysis, recruitment and hiring for appropriate jobs. Staffing involves: -Manpower planning -Recruitment selection ; placement -training ; development 5. 1. Training: Process of altering employee behavior ; attitudes in a way that increases the probability of goal attainment * The most common topics covered in cultural training include: Social| history | Politics| Business| customs| Economics| | | | | Training and development is the field which is concerned with organ izational activity aimed at bettering the performance of individuals and groups in organizational  settings.It has been known by several names, including  employee development,  human resource development, and  learning and development. Major types of cross-cultural training programs Environmental Briefings Cultural Orientation Language Training Cultural Assimilators Sensitivity Training Field Experience Orientation ; Training Programs at Nestle Formal Orientation Local Training International Training Literacy Training Nestle Apprenticeship ProgramInternational Training Nestle’s success in growing local companies in each country has been highly influenced by the functioning of its international Training Centre, Switzerland. International Training: Classes are carefully composed to include people with a range of geographic and functional backgrounds. Typically a class contains 15–20 nationalities. The Centre delivers some 70 courses. Attended by about 1700 manag ers each year from over 80 countries. Only 25% of the teaching is done by outside professionals, as the primary faculty is the Nestle senior management.Its providing services for over 30 years. Managers from around the world to learn from senior Nestle managers and from each other. Country managers decide who attends which course. The programs can be broadly divided into two groups: 1. Management courses 2. Executive courses Training and trainer around the world: Local 1. DMBP: Distribution Management Best Practice. Trainer: Anirban Basu, Nestle India. 2. FMBP: Field Management Best Practice. Trainer: Ziaul Hafiz, Nestle Bangladesh. 3. DMBP plus: Distribution Management Best Practice.Trainer: Anirban Basu, Nestle India. Managing Partner: Good to Better. Trainer: Anirban Basu, Nestle India. International 1. SDS: SAR (South Asian Region) Distributor Solution (Distribution Management System), Chennai, India, 2009. 5. 2Findings ; Recommendation Nestle said that from the factory floor to the top management, training at Nestle is continuous. And because it is mainly given by Nestle people, it is always relevant to your professional life. Approach is unique in many ways: * It reflects the company's decentralized nature.Whichever country you are working in, you will be given the knowledge and tools you need to respond to local needs * It encourages you to broaden your horizons, by working with people from many different countries and cultures in the course of your career For international assignment Preliminary Visits Preliminary trip of host country Accept or reject the assignment based on experience Language Training Host country language skills and adjustment: improves expatriate’s effectiveness and negotiating ability, info of host country, social support * Role of English language Knowledge of corporate language: a common company language –English Practical Assistance Adaptation to new environment, assist in relocation 6. Leading/directing: Determin ing what needs to be done in a situation and getting people to do it. Nestle managers at all levels are more with leading and inspiring people to add value to the Company and society rather than with exercising formal authority. This calls for a high personal commitment of each employee and a common mindset geared towards results. In an increasingly dynamic world, leaders face Significant challenges and opportunities.These stem from shifts to new social patterns and unprecedented worldwide competition. Achieving ongoing success requires that each Nestle leader understands the context and capitalizes on it, as described in the following principles: Lead to win †¢ Has built credibility as a result of coherent action, leadership and achievement. †¢ Is able to think from different perspectives and to create a climate of innovation. This implies openness to risk and the possibility of making mistakes, but also the willingness to correct and learn from them. †¢ Believes in the importance of alignment and management of expectations. Has broad interests, a good general Education, responsible behavior as well as a balanced lifestyle. Manage for results †¢ Embraces personal commitment and courage in execution. This includes the capacity and the willingness to take initiatives and risks while maintaining composure under pressure. †¢ Values proactive cooperation in order to create synergies at local, regional and global levels. †¢ Embraces change and is able to implement it and manage its consequences. †¢ Believes in achieving business objectives rooted in compliance and sustainable practices. Grow talent and teams Has a passion for building and sustaining an environment where people have a sense of personal commitment to their work and give their best to promote our Company’s success. †¢ Cares for and develops the leaders of tomorrow through addressing all areas that Allow them to progress in their work and to expand their c apabilities. †¢ Understands the importance of continuous learning and improvement, as well as sharing knowledge and ideas freely with others. †¢ Is committed to giving and receiving honest, accurate and timely feedback, including performance evaluation, in a climate of mutual respect . Believes in the importance of building diverse teams, and promotes the advantages of gender balance. Compete and connect externally †¢ Constantly looks for ways to satisfy our consumers and customers while attracting new ones in unique and compelling ways. †¢ Displays curiosity and open-mindedness as well as a high level of interest in other cultures and lifestyles. †¢ Believes in openness and dialogue with outside stakeholders about future trends in society, technology, consumer habits, and business opportunities. Understands the external impact of our operations and, as a result, proactively seeks to engage and partner with the community, authorities, shareholders and other stakeholders. Strategic leadership To force the businesses to become more efficent To crete a regional manufacturing network To integrate the company ‘s business on a global scale 7. Controlling/monitoring: * Types of Controls 1. Areas of Control 1. Physical resources—inventory management, quality control, and equipment control. 2. Human resources—selection and placement, training and development, performance appraisal, and compensation. . Information resources—sales and marketing forecasts, environmental analysis, public relations, production scheduling, and economic forecasting. 4. Financial resources—managing capital funds and cash flow, collection and payment of debts. Strategic control Structural control Operations control Financial control * The Purpose of Control 2. Control is one of the four basic management functions. The control function, in turn, has four basic purposes. Adapt to environmental change Limit the accumulation of error Contro l helps the organization Cope with organizational complexity Minimize costsSteps of controlling process: Establish standards Measure performance Compare performance against standards Maintain the status quo Correct the deviation Change standards Determine need for corrective action 2 1 4 3 Checking progress against plans. 1. The regulation of organizational activities so that some targeted element of performance remains within acceptable limits. 2. Provides organizations with indications of how well they are performing in relation to their goals. 3. Control provides a mechanism for adjusting performance to keep organizations moving in the right direction. Basic rolesCategory Role Example Interpersonal Figure head Leader Liaison Representing the org. Motivating employees Coordinating activities Informational Monitor Disseminator Spokesperson Scanning industry reports Sending memos Making speech Decisional Entrepreneur Disturbance handler Resource allocator Negotiator Developing new i deas Resolving conflict Examining budgets Pursuing agreements * Interpersonal: roles that involve coordination and interaction with employees. * Informational: roles that involve handling, sharing, and analyzing information. * Decisional: roles that require decision-making. 8.Management skills: * Political: used to build a power base and establish connections. * Conceptual: used to analyze complex situations. A conceptual skill is the ability to imagine the integration and coordination of the parts of an organization – all its processes and systems. A manager needs conceptual skills to see how factors are interrelated, to understand the impact of any action on the other aspects of the organization and to plan long range. * Interpersonal: used to communicate, motivate, mentor and delegate. * Diagnostic: ability to visualize most appropriate response to a situation. Technical: Expertise in one's particular functional area. Technical skills are the knowledge of and ability to us e the processes, practices, techniques or tools of a specialty responsibility area. E. g. accountants, engineers, salespersons, etc. Implementation of policies and strategies * All policies and strategies must be discussed with all managerial personnel and staff. * Managers must understand where and how they can implement their policies and strategies. * A plan of action must be devised for each department. * Policies and strategies must be reviewed regularly. Contingency plans must be devised in case the environment changes. * Assessments of progress ought to be carried out regularly by top-level managers. * A good environment and team spirit is required within the business. * The missions, objectives, strengths and weaknesses of each department must be analyzed to determine their roles in achieving the business's mission. * The forecasting method develops a reliable picture of the business's future environment. * A planning unit must be created to ensure that all plans are consist ent and that policies and strategies are aimed at achieving the same mission and objectives. . Levels of management Most organizations have three management levels: first-level, middle-level, and top-level managers. [These managers are classified in a hierarchy of authority, and perform different tasks. In many organizations, the number of managers in every level resembles a pyramid. Each level is explained below in specifications of their different responsibilities and likely job titles. 9. 1. Top-level managers Consists of board of directors, president, vice-president, CEOs, etc. They are responsible for controlling and overseeing the entire organization.They develop goals, strategic plans, company policies, and make decisions on the direction of the business. In addition, top-level managers play a significant role in the mobilization of outside resources and are accountable to the shareholders and general public. According to Lawrence S. Kleiman, the following skills are needed a t the top managerial level * Broadened understanding of how: competition, world economies, politics, and social trends effect organizational effectiveness. The role of the top management can be summarized as follows – * Top management lays down the objectives and broad policies of the enterprise. It issues necessary instructions for preparation of department budgets, procedures, schedules etc. * It prepares strategic plans ; policies for the enterprise. * It appoints the executive for middle level i. e. departmental managers. * It controls ; coordinates the activities of all the departments. * It is also responsible for maintaining a contact with the outside world. * It provides guidance and direction. * The top management is also responsible towards the shareholders for the performance of the enterprise. 9. 1. 1Middle-level managers Consist of general managers, branch managers and department managers.They are accountable to the top management for their department's function. They devote more time to organizational and directional functions. Their roles can be emphasized as executing organizational plans in conformance with the company's policies and the objectives of the top management, they define and discuss information and policies from top management to lower management, and most importantly they inspire and provide guidance to lower level managers towards better performance. Some of their functions are as follows: * Designing and implementing effective group and intergroup work and information systems. Defining and monitoring group-level performance indicators. * Diagnosing and resolving problems within and among work groups. * Designing and implementing reward systems supporting cooperative behavior. 9. 1. 2. First-level managers Consist of supervisors, section leads, foremen, etc. They focus on controlling and directing. They usually have the responsibility of assigning employees tasks, guiding and supervising employees on day-to-day activities, ensuring quality and quantity production, making recommendations, suggestions, and up channeling employee problems, etc.First-level managers are role models for employees that provide: * Basic supervision. * Motivation. * Career planning. * Performance feedback. Factors that influence a manager to fit in one of the style: * The task that is being undertaken * The traditions of the organization * The type of Labor Force * The size of the group * The personality of the Leader * Personalities * Time 10. The Nestle factories are operating in the region of: 1. Africa 2. America 3. Asia 4. Europe 5. Oceania Being a company dedicated to food from the beginning, Nestle remains ensitive to culinary and eating habits, and responds to specific nutritional problems, whilst also setting and matching new trends such as growing out-of-home consumption and caring about the wellbeing of its consumers. * Zone Asia, Oceania and Africa ; 6. 6% organic growth, strong performance in most emerging market s ; Japan continued to suffer deflation but achieved positive RIG, With good performances in Soluble coffee and Chocolate ; China slow due to product exchange in Dairy, but on improving trend ; South Asia, Africa and Middle East amongst the highlights 0. 1Nestle Focus in Bangladesh Nestle is the world's leading Nutrition, Health and Wellness Company. In Bangladesh we have Maggi noodles and soups, breakfast cereal, Nescafe, coffee mate, baby food, milk and a seasoning. However, worldwide we have more than 10000 products in different variants. As of today, we employ over 276,000 people across more than 500 state-of-the-art facilities around the world. But it was never our ambition to be the biggest at what we do – it was our ambition to be the best. That sums up what we mean by Nestle Focus.It means we also appreciate that size and success are nothing without the finer details – such as genuine care for our consumers, a commitment to our people and a wider sense of respo nsibility towards our customers, suppliers and our communities. When you work for us, you'll see the difference that makes at every stage. It will mean becoming part of an organization which can offer you subsidiary of Nestle S. A. whatever you want from your career. Nestle Bangladesh Limited started its first commercial production in Bangladesh in 1994. In 1998. Nestle S. A. ook over the remaining 40% share from our local partner when Nestle Bangladesh became a fully owned Nestle Bangladesh's vision is to be recognized as the most successful food and drink Company in Bangladesh, generating sustainable, profitable growth and continuously improving results to the benefit of shareholders and employees. Our factory is situated at Sripur, 55 km north of Dhaka, the factory produces instant noodles, cereals and repacks milks, soups, beverages and infant nutrition products. Today Nestle Bangladesh Ltd. is a strongly positioned organization.The Company will continue to grow through our poli cy of constant innovation and renovation, concentrating on our core competencies and our commitment to high quality, with the aim of providing the best quality food to the people of Bangladesh. In Bangladesh, Nestle started its operation in 1994 and its factory is situated in Sreepur, Gazipur. Nestle Bangladesh directly employs more than 650 people and more than 1000 people are employed by suppliers and distributors in connection to Nestle. Our products in Bangladesh are Nido, Nescafe, Maggi noodles and soup, breakfast Cereals, Coffee-Mate, Nestea, Nesfruta ,Nesfrappe and many more.Nestle is present around the globe, on all continents, with around 230,000 people working in more in an 84 countries with 466 factories and with sales representatives in at least another 70 countries. Nestle is the world's largest food group, not only in terms of its sales but also in terms of its product range and its geographical presence. Nestle covers nearly every field of nutrition: infant formula, m ilk products, chocolate and confectionery, instant coffee, ice-cream, culinary products, frozen ready-made meals, mineral water etc. Nestle is a focused company, with more than 94 percent of the sales coming from the food and beverage sector.Did you know 3,000 cups of Nescafe are consumed every second? KitKat merited an entry in the Guinness Book of World Records as the world's best-selling chocolate bar with 418 KitKat fingers eaten every second around the world! 10. 2 Selected awards, certifications and rankings * In May 2006, Nestle’s executive board decided to adapt the existing Nestle management systems to full conformity with the international standards ISO 14001 (Environmental Management Systems) and OHSAS 18001 (Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems), and to certify all Nestle factories against these standards by 2010.In the meanwhile a lot of the Nestle factories have obtained these certifications. For instance, Nestle’s three factories in Japan (H imeji factory: Hyogo Prefecture, Shimada factory: Shizuoka Prefecture and Kasumigaura factory: Ibaraki Prefecture) have each obtained ISO standard certifications: ISO14001, ISO 22000 (Food Safety Management Systems) and OHSAS 18001 as of the end of December, 2008. * In 2009, Nestle Waters earned a sixth LEED certification. The certification was given by the U. S. Green Building Council's Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design which the company become its first recipient.It highlights the environmentally conscious elements of the facility which enables them to receive the certification. * Nestle Purina received in 2010 the Malcolm Balding National Quality Award for their excellence in the areas of leadership, customer and market focus, strategic planning, process management, measurement, analysis and knowledge management, workforce focus and results * In September 2011, Nestle occupied 19th position in the Universal’s global ranking of Best Employers Worldwide. Accordin g to a survey by Universal Communications Nestle was in 2011 the best employer to work for in Switzerland. Based on independent research by the Corporate Research Foundation Institute, Nestle (South Africa) has been certified in 2011 as a Best Employer in South Africa. * Nestle USA has been recognized by Business Week magazine as one of the â€Å"Best Places to Launch a Career. † Business Week ranked Nestle USA #25 on their annual list of the best companies for new college graduates to launch their careers. * For the twelfth consecutive year, Fortune Magazine included in 2011 Nestle in their list of The 10 Most Admired Companies in the World. Nestle won in 2011 the Stockholm Industry Water Award for its leadership and performance to improve water management in its internal operations and throughout its supply chain. * The International Union of Food Science and Technology (IUFoST) honored Nestle in 2010 with the Global Food Industry Award. * In May 2011, Nestle won the 27th W orld Environment Center (WEC) Gold Medal award for its commitment to environmental sustainability. * In 2011, Nestle Malaysia won an award of the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants for their Sustainability Reporting. On 19 April 2012, The Great Place to Work ® Institute Canada mentioned Nestle Canada Inc. as one of the '50 Best Large and Multinational Workplaces' in Canada (with more than 1,000 employees working in Canada and/or worldwide). * In April 2012, Nestle obtained an A+ rating from the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) for their global annual report on Creating Shared Value. To reach A+ the company provided new data in their annual report on a number of criteria such as human rights, diversity and gender, climate change, biodiversity and corruption.Nestle was the first food and Beverage Company to achieve an A+ rating from the GRI for a global sustainability report. * On 21 May 2012, Gartner published their annual Supply Chain Top 25, a list with global supply chain leaders. Nestle ranks 18th in the list. Address: Nestle Bangladesh Ltd. Address: Gulshan Tower, Plot # 31, Road # 53, Gulshan North C/A City:Dhaka Location:Gulshan Phone:+880-2-9882759 Ext-255 Category: Milk Products Produce: For tetra Ltd 9, Prince Street P. O. Box-92032 Oakland, Newlands Nestle consumer service Post box no-11037, Uttra,Dhaka Care line number: 01730637853 0800217777 e-mail:concumer. [email  protected] nestle. com