Artistic Expression in 18th and 19th Century America :: American America History

Artistic Expression in 18th and 19th Century America The first settlers in the New World faced unpredictable hardships. The men of the Virginia colony had enough trouble learning to live off the land, let alone having to defend themselves from native attacks. Famine proved to be a hard obstacle to conquer for all of the new colonies. New England, while having a more suitable climate for the prevention of diseases, also had its conflicts with local tribes. The Puritan ideals of New England were very strict especially in regard to private indulgences, including art. The only type of art that was "acceptable", were portraits, almost exclusively of upper class citizens and clergy. Through the years leading up to the revolution, however, as the population became diversified, new ideas started to influence popular thought. There were many different cultures coexisting as well as different social classes. However, as was the standard in Europe, only the upper class people were part of the "art world". Look at paintings from the per revolutionary era, including The Mason Children: David, Joanna, Abigail, (unknown artist), Hanna Minot Moody (Joseph Badger), New England Merchant (Charles W. Peale), Portrait of Elizabeth, The Artist's Daughter (John Singleton Copley), we notice many similarities among them. As stated previously, they are all portraits. All of the subjects are portrayed in very fine clothes and are obviously posing for the painting. Most of these works have little or nothing at all in the background. One gets a very "cold and sterile" feeling when looking at these, and they are most certainly intended not for artistic expression but simply to record the image. "As late as 1800, owing to the limited economy of the Colonies as well as the Puritan’s prejudice against idolatry and their regard for art as a luxury, portraiture was the only accepted form of expression in painting." (Bazin 341). In the period following the American Revolution up to the turn of the eighteenth century, we start to see some subtle yet significant changes in the popular artwork. We can see a much bolder use of color and background, as in C.W. Peale’s Benjamin and Eleanor Ridgely Laming (1788) and Mather Brown’s Sir Richard Arkwright (1790). Emotion is shown of the faces of the subjects and Ralph Earl showed the Striker Sisters (1787) with their arms around each other and pleasant, happy smiles on their faces. Mr. Peale’s work shows the physical attraction between Benjamin and Eleanor.

Biodiesel Investigation Essay

‘Biodiesel is a clean burning renewable fuel made using natural vegetable oils and fats.1 Biodiesel is a revelation to chemists, engineers and environmentalists who are looking for more sustainable ways to make use of fuels. Since it is a natural and renewable fuel, it can be fitted in as a substitute for petroleum diesel, which is the substance conventionally used in automobile transport. Biodiesel is normally utilised as a replacement for petroleum diesel fuel or can be blended together with petroleum diesel fuel in any ratio. Biodiesel is a biodegradable substance with a lower toxicity in comparison to petroleum diesel fuel and is preferred as it is safer to handle since there is little human risk involved in its handling. The use of biodiesel as a petroleum substitute reduces the degree of exhaust emission. Biodiesel are notorious for their easy use in terms of how they can easily be pumped and stored in existing engines without having to make major industrial alterations to the engines themselves. They are usually blended together with petroleum fuels in order to create the optimal usage in engines. The output yield of biodiesel is I had never really heard of biodiesel until it was a topic covered in school. After finding out what biodiesel was, I looked into the IB chemistry syllabus to see what points it had on biodiesel and looked further into the applications of biodiesel as well as the process of transesterification and what is involved. My personal interest was sparked from my curiosity of how to obtain my own sample of biodiesel after I found out about its many uses. My high school chemistry department provided us with a set of materials and allowed us to investigate our own ways of obtaining biodiesels and I was keen to see what I could do with a sample of this versatile substance. I do feel as though this is an important experiment to engage in as scientists find biodiesels an extremely useful substance to use in machines and such. To try an experiment which involves looking at factors that can change the output of the product, would be a stepping stone to building a stronger understanding on the substance itself and how more of it can be obtained and perhaps what benefits it may serve. The experiment conducted was intent on looking at a certain independent variable (the concentration) that would affect the yield of biodiesel produced in experiment. The research question for this is: How the concentration of Potassium Hydroxide solution would affect the yield of biodiesel when transesterified with a standard sample of vegetable oil. Background: To look at the scientific aspect of it, biodiesels are a form of methyl esters, an organic chain compound that has a set of properties. The experiment involves the reaction between vegetable oil and potassium hydroxide and methanol mixed together. The equation for the reaction of the transesterification is: Vegetable Oil (l) + (3)HOCH3 + (NaOH catalyst) ——> C3H8O3 + 3-methyl ester 1 Biodiesel Basics This valuable renewable fuel resource is not vegetable oil, but instead formed from the organic chain compound. It is 3-methyl ester and has the following chemical structure: Fig. 1 The diagram on the left shows the transesterification process that forms two products (Glycerol and A 3-methyl ester). The experiment conducted involves potassium hydroxide as a catalyst instead of sodium hydroxide. Furthermore the biodiesel product of this varies from the other structured methyl ester that usually come in The other product is glycerol, which is commonly found in soaps. This is a standard example of transesterification however the experiment that is attempted involves different reactants. The diagram below shows the process for this experiment and the outcomes. The temperature of the oil mixed with the methanol mixture will be measured and the experiment consists of five different solutions of KOH + methanol that will each be reacted with the vegetable oil. A magnetic stirrer will be used in the process to get the reaction going and afterwards the finalised solution will be placed in a centrifugal and the process of centrifugation will separate the solution into glycerol and biodiesel. The biodiesel will then be extracted to give a reading on percentage yield. The method was personally derived and many modifications were made to the initial standard procedure of mixing 50% concentration Potassium Hydroxide solutions with 10ml of vegetable oil and stirring on a magnetic stirrer for 10-15 minutes at a certain temperature was deemed to unsafe for students as the high concentration acid was extremely corrosive, had irritating effects and also raised environmental concerns as the organic waste disposal process was far more complicated when the substances would permeate a trash landfill. As a result the new method was made and the substances involved were altered significantly. The new method consists of a reaction with a 5g/100ml (KOH concentrated) mixture between potassium hydroxide and methanol. In each test, there is a varied use in the concentration of the methanol mixture and this is measured by an arbitrary percentage figure as well as a known uncertainty. Furthermore, the potassium hydroxide serves as a catalyst for the reaction. Equipment Used: Apparatus Uncertainty 10cm3 Measuring Cylinder 0.2ml Mass Balance 0.005g 50cm3 Beaker 5ml Magnetic Stirrer N/A Thermometer 0.5 ºc Magnet Capsule N/A Method: 1. To set up the equipment appropriately, use a 10cm3 Measuring Cylinder to measure out 10ml of vegetable oil, and keep aside separately. Measure 1.5ml of the 5g/100ml (1%) Potassium Hydroxide solution and place set aside in the measuring cylinder. Set up the magnetic stirrer, and measure the temperature of the oil using the thermometer. For this experiment, the oil (placed inside beaker) will need to be kept on the magnetic stirrer with the capsule inserted and heated to 31 ºc. Measure the mass of the empty beaker first using the mass balance and record. 1. Once the oil has been heated to the appropriate temperature, add the methanol-KOH solution with 1% concentration to the oil and allow the stirrer to stir at a constant temperature for approximately ten to fifteen minutes. After a few minutes of stirring and any visible physical/chemical changes have occurred, remove the beaker of mixture from the solution and set aside temporarily. 1. The methyl-ester biodiesel mixture is ready for centrifugation. Using the mass balance, measure out the mass of the beaker with the oil mixture that has just undergone transesterification and pour all the substance from the beaker into a centrifugal tube. 1. Repeat all the tests with the 2%,3%,4% and 5% concentration KOH mixtures in methanol. When repeating, remember to measure each separate beakers individual mass and use the stirrer to bring the temperature back up to 31 º. Once the temperature has hit 31 º, mix the KOH with the oil as done before and allow the stirrer to create a reaction between the substances. Keep making qualitative observations and recording changes in temperature from the reaction and record the mass of the final solutions once stirring. 1. Finally, once all the products have been reacted, place them in centrifugal tubes and insert the tubes into the centrifuge. The centrifugation process will separate the biodiesel and glycerol. Extract the thin biodiesel layer (on top), measure the mass of the biodiesel in the initial beaker and derive the percentage yield of biodiesel from the mass difference between the solutions, density from mass and volume and make observations on the mass obtained. Diagram of Process : Done On Skitch Variables: Safety And Environmental Measures: Plenty of glassware will be utilised throughout the experiment, and therefore it is essential that safety glasses are worn as extra precaution to protect eyes from broken glass. Furthermore, all glassware should be kept away from the edges of tables to prevent risk of damage. KOH – methanol mixture is labeled as an irritant and mildly Independent Variable: Concentration of KOH – Methanol Mixture as % value. Fixed Variables: * Temperature of Oil * Volume of Oil Used * Volume of KOH – Methanol Mixture Dependent Variable: % Yield of Biodiesel, Mass outcome of biodiesel from transesterification corrosive based on *Cleaps Hazcards and it is therefore advised to wear gloves. It is also advised to wear lab coats as products of transesterification may permanently stain clothing. Fortunately, there are no ethical concerns involved as only vegetable oil is being used and no animal substances. The biodiesel substance is biodegradable and can be easily disposed of in organic waste. *Cleaps cited in Bibliography Qualitative Observations: * In all tests after the oil was placed into the centrifuge, a gunky substance was formed from the separation into two layers, one being the biodiesel and it can be assumed that the gunky substance was glycerol (used in soaps). At times the position of the magnetic stirrer was not in place for some results, which may be a result of random error (anoma Error Calculations on Mass Example % Yield Calculations of Biodiesel 1% Concentration: Example Calculation [(0.052 à · 1.000) x 100%] + [(0.2 à · 10) x 100] + [(0.2 à · 1.5) x 100] + [(0.005 à · 5.962) x 100] = 5% + 2% + 10% + 0.08% = 17.08% Uncertainty ≈ 17% Absolute Uncertainty for 1% Concentration yield: 5.95g  ± 20% (1sf) 1% Concentration Solution: Mass of biodiesel Extracted: =5.952 ( ±0.005)g Total mass of oil Mixture (Products from transesterification reaction) 100 x (5.952 à · 33.119) ( ±0.1 *100) Approx 18% Yield ( ±0.3%) * lies) in results such as the 2% concentration. * The temperature of the magnetic stirrer would be set higher than 31 º, and many of the substances would exceed or be under the temperature of 31 º before the actual reaction began. * The volume of the oil and KOH mixture used in the second test may not have been the same amount as the first, which would cause an error in the percentage yield of biodiesels. Data Processing: 2% Conc. 3% + 2% + 10% + 0.08% = 15.08% ≈ 4.99g  ± 20% 3% Conc. 2% + 2% + 10% + 0.08% = 14.08% ≈ 6.84g  ± 10% 4% Conc. 1% + 2% + 10% + 0.08% = 13.08% ≈ 7.81g  ± 10% 5% Conc. 1% + 2% + 10% + 0.08% = 13.08% ≈ 7.97g  ± 10% Processed Data Table: Mass of Biodiesel (2DP) Total Uncertainty on Mass % Yield of Biodiesel+ Uncertainty-2sf Volume of Biodiesel Layer + Uncertainty Density of Biodiesel Uncertainty on Density Conclusion: Multiple inferences can be made from the data obtained. Firstly the clean burning renewable fuel has been formed from a derived method, in which a transesterification reaction has occurred between Methanol and Vegetable oil (using potassium hydroxide as a catalyst). It was expected that the increase in concentration of the KOH would cause a greater percentage and mass yield of biodiesel. Fortunately this expectation was met with the results provided, although there were a few given anomalies formed from the systematic errors present, it was evident that the experiment did match the initial hypothesis of an increase in biodiesel yield. Although the conclusion states than an increase in concentration of the KOH – Methanol substance would increase the yield of biodiesel in the product of transesterification, it must be understood that there were many imprecisions and boundaries for error were relatively high throughout the experiment. The primary reason for this is that only one test was conducted for each concentration, rather than gathering an average for each results, which was a result of time management problems. Despite the causes of error and uncertainties, the calculated average density of biodiesel produced was 1.23gcm-3. The literature value for this was given above (0.88) and this value has been taken from an experiment in which the yield of biodiesel was taken from vegetable oils using both sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide as the catalyst in the experiment. The experimental error for the density was extremely high, being around 40%. The general formula for calculating systematic error in experiments is as such: â€Å"Experimental error = {(Literature Value – Calculated Value) à · (Literature Value)} x 100 â€Å" The experimental error is actually the sum of the systematic and random error, (error which could influence one single result), and therefore varies for each result obtained. However the graph for the density shows the rising increase. Although a clean line of best fit cannot be placed upon the graph, it is clear that there is a steady rise in the output of biodiesel against the increase in initial concentration. It is evident that there was a random error for the 2% concentration with the mass output measured. This may have been a result of some of the substance spilling onto the stirrer during one of the measurements, when equipment was not handled appropriately. Since this only affected a single result, it was omitted from the graph, and the line of best fit was not inclusive of this result. Despite this, the error bar uncertainties are relatively high for the mass output, and therefore the min and max gradients vary highly, which means any value for output within this range would be regarded a systematic error in the experiment. In the density graph, the curve of best fit is exponential, and does not include the result obtained for 3% concentration, as this also appears to be slightly anomalous. It could also be regarded a random error as the gradient of the curve does not fit into the boundaries of uncertainty for this result. Reasons for this uncertainty could be a result of any of the limitations explored in the evaluation. Finally the percentage yield graph also has somewhat of a linear relationship between the output of biodiesel as a percentage of the total substance and the concentration increase together. The diagram (figure 4) shows a successful gathering of biodiesel, in which the top layer represents the biodiesel and the bottom layer the glycerol. There were other different physical appearances for other results (not photographed). Evaluation: Limitation Significance Possible Improvements Unknown layer between biodiesel and glycerol (Fig. x) It was difficult to distinguish whether this layer between the biodiesel and glycerol, (as photographically depicted above), could be counted as biodiesel and therefore it was either left out or in the measuring process, which would contribute to a systematic error of the yield of biodiesel being too high or low. To improve on this and reduce this uncertainty, a combustion test would need to be done on the biodiesel, as it is known to be flammable. The unknown substance should be tested with a flame test and if it burns, should be included in the yield measurements of biodiesel. Using Apparatus with a lower uncertainty for measuring out KOH – methanol substance The 10ml measuring cylinder used had an uncertainty of 0.2, which for 1.5cm3 of solution, was extremely high as a percentage uncertainty. Since this was used for all tests, it must be noted that this was also a contributing factor to the systematic error obtained for each test. To improve this, a different (more precise) piece of measuring apparatus, i.e a burette should’ve been used as it has an uncertainty of 0.05, which would’ve quartered the uncertainty on the potassium hydroxide mixture, and reduced the total uncertainty. Improper placement of beaker on magnetic stirrer Due to time limitations for conducting the experiment, multiple groups had to share the stirrer and therefore place two beakers with magnetic flea’s (capsules) atop the stirrer. This interfered with the ability for the maximum biodiesel output to be produced for each result, and since this only occurred for certain tests, would’ve contributed to any random errors present. To target this limitation, the best solution would be to find time to work on the experiment individually, so that the magnetic stirrer could be used for only one beaker. Impurity on biodiesel The substance measured may not be entirely biodiesel, but instead a mixture of biodiesel and glycerol that may have been extracted without notice. This would’ve caused a higher percentage yield of biodiesel to be measured rather than the actual amount. To add on to this limitation, the reason for an impurity would most probably be from a difficulty in distinguishing between the biodiesel and layer of glycerol. Any filtration process that could separate the biodiesel and the glycerol effectively, would be appropriate. The mixture should undergo centrifugation multiple times in order to separate the layers more clearly. Works Cited: â€Å"Biodiesel Basics – Biodiesel.org.† Biodiesel Basics – Biodiesel.org. Biodiesel Org, n.d. Web. 11 May 2015. Button, Scott. â€Å"Biodiesel: Vehicle Fuel From Vegetable Oil.† Energy & Environment 21.8 (2009): 1305-324. Web. Jamil, Cut Aisya Z., and (Ijera). Performance of KOH as a Catalyst for Trans-esterification of Jatropha Curcas Oil (2012): n. pag. 12 Mar. 2012. Web. 13 May 2015. â€Å"Secondary Science Hazcards.† Secondary Science Hazcards. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 May 2015. Images: â€Å"The Chemistry of Biodiesel | Biodiesel Project | Goshen College.† Academics. Goshen College, n.d. Web. 13 May 2015. All other images were personally taken and diagrams constructed using Skitch.

Definition and Examples of Light Verbs in English

Report On Security At Airports - 1688 Words

Security at airports Mariusz Prokopiec BFT1015-Business Skills 30/10/2014 Tutor: Nick Hubbard Words: 1443 Executive summary This report is about security at airports. It contains a useful information regarding airport security regulations such as both hand and hold luggage restrictions and list of items that are allowed to be taken on a board. This report also presents a brief changes that had happened in airports security before terrorists attack on 9th of September 2001. Additionally there is described the recent project- Total Airport Security System (TASS), which aims to improve the security at the airport area using very advanced technology structures. Contents page Introduction 4 I. History of airports security 5 II. Airport†¦show more content†¦In the past security at airports was not developed enough to prevent the unexpected terrorist attack It was impossible to avoid all of catastrophes that took place in the past. Actually these incidents approached today’s airport security to perfection. Nowadays there are stringent rules regarding air travelling. I. History of airports security The only concern within aviation was the safety of flying. Hardly any thought was put into the security sector of the aviation industry. This changed when Peruvian revolutionaries took over a Pan American mail plane. In the period of time from 1930 to 1958, there was 23 hijackings reported. The first serious incident happened in 1947 when the aircrew member was killed. In 1955, Jack Graham, placed a bomb in his mother’s luggage. The bomb exploded during the flight killing all aboard. A similar incident took place in 1960, when two suicide bomber killed all people on a board. After these acts luggage inspection has become more exact. The majority of hijackings were made due to either escape from the USA or hold people for a ransom. In 1961, in order to prevent hijackings, the federal government started using armed guards on chosen aircrafts. After hijackings of planes in 1969 the Task Force on the Deterrence of Air Piracy was

Comparing Catherine II and Elizabeth I - 1900 Words

The above quote applies very well to both Catherine II and Elizabeth I. Neither lady sought the power of their lands; they were given it in a unusual circumstance. They then display great leadership and do great things for each country. Catherine II, Empress of Russia, was born in Germany in 1729, but with the name of Sophia. She was the daughter of Prince Christian August and Princess Johanna Elizabeth. Since she was a princess, she was home schooled. She became very smart and free spirited. Nancy Whitelaw, the author of Catherine the Great spoke on Sophia’s childhood and noted, â€Å"Sophia loved to be in charge, and though some of her playmates said she was bossy, there was no doubt she was a natural leader† (Whitelaw 15-16). When she was around the age of fifteen, she met Prince Karl Peter Ulrich of Russia. Ulrich’s mother, Czarina of Russia, was trying to find a wife for her son. She knew her son was not fit for the throne, and the country would be devastate d with him at the head. Whoever Ulrich married would earn the right to rule Russia (Whitelaw 18). After some consideration and suggestions, she decided that Sophia was the right girl for Ulrich. Even though her father did not like the fact that she would have to convert from Lutheran to Orthodox, he gave consent. She moved back to Russia with Ulrich, converted to Orthodox, and changed her name to Catherine. Catherine now had to give birth to a son as the heir to the throne, but it was going to be hard due to Ulrich’sShow MoreRelatedComparison of Elenor of Aquitaine, Queen Elizabeth I, and Catherine the Great2169 Words   |  9 Pagesintimate affair with a cousin, but whether that was true or not is unknown. What is known is that soon after the end of her marriage to Louis of France, Eleanor became independently wealthy and powerful again. 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MBA essay Free Essays

Dear , As a student of [state you university here] taking up Mathematical and Computer Science,]   I was trained to be proficient in the various disciplines within the sciences.   And now that I am graduating this December 2007, I plan to take up master’s in business administration in Lamar in order to pursue my short-term goal of expanding my knowledge in business. I believe that having expertise in both science and business could help me a lot in terms of my career path and personal development. We will write a custom essay sample on MBA essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Science and business are two fields that offer bountiful opportunities especially if complemented with each other. I believe that science incorporated with a good business acumen would be instrumental in the realization of my long-term goal of being a manager for an esteemed company in the future. I believe that a master’s in business administration would prove to be assistive for my dream to hold a managerial position in a reputable company. Taking a Lamar master’s in business administration would be of help in terms of giving me more insight in how to make a business venture successful and beneficial to many people. At present, I observe that mainstream business tend to be more focused in just earning money alone. The ethical side of business is often forgotten in order to give way to the unrelenting drive for profit. Questions such as â€Å"How could this business be advantageous to the general populace?†Ã‚   or â€Å"How could this business help create wealth for many people† are now in danger of becoming obsolete. It was thus encouraging to know that the Lamar MBA puts a stress on business ethics. This shows the integrity of the university in imparting to its students (and would-be students) an ethical and at the same time profitable business venture. What also encouraged me to apply is the university’s experiential approach to analyzing situations and solving problems. This makes the program more dynamic since it doesn’t adhere to one formula alone. It allows the students to utilize lessons culled from their own experiences in order to make business more effective. This is exiting and challenging for me given my background. Having middle eastern roots, I came from a very conservative family. My decision to study in the US was very difficult considering that my family was disposed to the idea that I stay and study in my own country [state your country here]. After a good deal of convincing, my family finally approved my decision to study here in the US. I would have easily given up if not for my belief for a globally focused business. And being a melting pot of different cultures, US is an ideal place to exercise my belief for unity in diversity. Seeing and experiencing two different worlds was a profoundly life-changing experience. It actually shaped my identity as a multi-perspective individual.   This I believe forms the basis of my leadership qualities. To be a good leader, one must be able to accommodate various ideas in order to make something more vibrant and varied. My idea of a good leader is someone who is open-minded yet at the same time firm in making decisions. I got my idea of how a leader should be after working for two months in the US military. I chose to work in the military in order to learn straight from my father who works in the military as a general manager. There, I witnessed the effective way of dealing with different kinds of people. I have learned that respect is a key element in team building. For a particular team to function, the members, especially the leader, must show respect to everyone. Each one must also be disciplined and professional in dealing with the task at hand. Moreover, constructive criticisms should always be expected from everyone in order to correct what needs to be corrected. My idea of an effective leader was affirmed after taking a class under Professor [name the professor here.] He now teaches in Lamar university, and this is also one of the reasons why I am applying to this program. Professor [name of professor here] taught me a lot of valuable things that could not be found in our textbooks. This is not to say however, that he dismissed the importance of learning from books. What he did in our class was complement the things found in our textbook with practical lessons from our daily experiences. The effect was a much more comprehensive class. He also understood each of his students’ own capabilities and did not in any way try to set one standard of what a â€Å"good† student is. For him, all of us have potential and it is actually up to us to hone and nurture that   potential. This encouraged the students to work harder and be more efficient. I wouldn’t deny that my desire to apply in this university is partly due him. But above all, it is my determination to learn business that inspired me to apply to this program. Given my disposition and qualifications, I tender my application in the hope of getting accepted. I believe that my vision for an ethical business combined with science fits into this master’s program. To my mind, the master’s program would be a great venue for me to fully realize my potential and vision for a new brand of business. Through this program, I believe I could learn more and at the same time impart something that would further enliven our knowledge of business. Hoping for your positive response,    How to cite MBA essay, Essay examples

Chronic Pain Using The Levett-Jones Clinical Reasoning Cycle

Question: Discuss about theChronic Pain Using the Levett-Jones Clinical Reasoning Cycle. Answer: Introduction: Chronic pain is an insidious health problem that affects almost all aspects of a patients life. Chronic pain has adverse implications on a patients physical and psycho-social functioning. Consequently, a health care professional, who in this case has the significant responsibility in the management of chronic pain, must be able to identify the effect of pain on the patient as well as the family of the patient and come up with ways of assessing the situation. Levett-Jones et al. (2015) argue that an efficient nurse-patient relationship is one of the most fundamental elements which should be incorporated in the chronic pain management process. The purpose of this paper therefore is to assess John Ryans case of chronic pain using Levett-Jones clinical reasoning cycle. Depending on Ryans case and considering that it is the first encounter with him a number of activities during this initial visit would be necessary. These activities and priorities will be essential in the management of the Ryans recurring pain and will also be of assistance in decision-making and ensuring provision of high health care to the patient. Ryans case would be developed within the eight stages involved in clinical reasoning which include; consideration of the patients situation, gathering of information, identification of the problems, identification of goals, taking an action, assessment of the outcomes and reflection (Levette-Jones Bourgeois , 2010). Therefore, the first activity would involve familiarizing with the patient. That is, the activity will involve gathering of personal information about the patient which includes; the patients age, family background, occupation and lifestyle. Such information is vital in establishing whether they could be the predisposing fa ctor to the patients ailment. For instance, it is estimated that chronic pain has the prevalence rate of between 27 percent and 51 percent among people aged 65 years and above (Makic, Martin, Burns, Philbrick Rauen,). Similarly, information about a patients family background could be used to determine whether the illness is as a result of inheritance or not. Occupation on the other hand is vital in establishing whether the patients situation could be aggravated by the daily activities he engages in. It could also determine the support that the patient gets from the family as well as the impact of the patients illness to the family members (Williams, Eccleston Morley, 2012). The second activity would involve review of the current information as well as gathering of new information. The current information includes reviews on the patients health history and the previous medical assessment. Ryans current information is such as his diagnosis with spinal stenosis at the age of forty, his current treatment with ibuprofen, baclofen and diazepam. It also includes the exercise therapy. It is also essential to review how Ryan copes with his situation and the mode of treatment. The new information may include determination of his current bpm and weight. In addition, other vital information includes determining how Ryan relates with people who are close to him. In essence, the review of current information and gathering of new information helps in the collection of data and helps in making the right judgment. For example, reviewing of Ryans cases information will aim in determining the extent to which his condition has interfered with his ability to perform some ac tivities as well as how it has affected him psychologically and socially. Another activity would entail the processing of the information gathered. Information processing involves a comparison of the newly obtained information and the already known information. Interpretation of data helps in determining whether a patients condition has improved or whether it is deteriorating. It is also vital in deciding on the intervention strategy to adopt. For example, a comparison of Ryans blood pressure from the previous recording and the current recording will assist in determining the variation. The case study has also reported that Ryan is not comfortable with the physical exercises, the medications and event the recurring pain that keeps him awake. He is discontented by the fact that he can no longer do some of the activities that he enjoyed doing such as hiking. Similarly, he has stopped attending regular checkups by his physiotherapist because none of the mentioned attempts helped in reducing his pain. Such information can be interpreted that the patients attit ude towards the modes of treatment is affected significantly and may affect his condition further. MacNeela et al. (2012) have argued that factors such as fears about medication, stoic attitude and fears about pain may interfere with the process of pain management. Therefore, data processing and interpretation is essential in making predictions about the outcome. Determining the patients problems is also another vital activity. From Ryans health history, it can be deduced that his major problem is the chronic back pain which is as a result of spinal stenosis. Other problems include hip pain, weakness in his left leg and loss of sensation in both legs. Ryan can also be considered to under stress due to his deteriorating health and the excruciating pain. According to Levett-Jones and Bourgeois (2010) patients with chronic pain are likely to suffer depression or stress. After the determination of problem, the other activity would include setting out of goals. It involves prioritization of intervention strategies. In Ryans case, goal setting on intervention strategy would largely depend on the extent of pain and the urgency of treatment. Levette-Jones and Bourgeois (2010) suggest that the setting of goal should be SMART. That is, a goal should be specific, measurable, attainable, and realistic and time based. Priorities for the Follow-up Visit The first priority in this case is to provide pain assessment and management of the chronic back pain. Pain assessment is an important approach towards pain management (Rush, Polatin, Gatchel, 2015). Indeed, Christianson (2016) contends that inadequate assessment of pain is one of the most challenging problems that interfere with pain control strategies. Therefore, pain assessment in Ryans case would include the assessment of when he experiences a lot of back pain as in when he is resting, sleeping or exercising. This is helpful in determining what factors could lead to pain aggravation and what intervention measures to use. For example, according to Ryan, he experiences much pain after sitting for a longer period of time or even when he walks or rides for long. Following this observation, it would be necessary to ensure the monitoring of the exercises Ryan engages in. He should minimize sitting hours, reduce the duration of walking and riding by doing it sparingly. Another pain non drug pain management strategy such as massage could also be introduced. Massage helps in the stimulation of fibers which are known to minimize central pain transmission and also reduces muscle tension (Newton et al. 2013). The second priority is pain assessment and management of the degeneration of the left hip. Firstly, it would be important to establish the causes of the hip pain, the weakness of his left leg and loss of feet sensation. It is essential to determine whether these problems could be linked to spinal stenosis. Spinal stenosis causes the narrowing of the spine which in turn exerts pressure on the nerves and the spinal cord thereby causing pain. Spinal stenosis causes the compression of nerves in the lumbar spine as in the case of Ryan. The effects of spinal stenosis are such as pain, muscle weakness and numbness. It particularly causes cramping of legs when one stands, sits, or walks for long (Ackerman, Buchbinder Osborne, 2012). During this stage, it would be considered viable to alter the previous medications as well as introduce new exercises and guide Ryan on how to do physical exercises. Thus, it would be necessary to prescribe the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antide pressants, opioids, muscle relaxants and anti seizure drugs in order to ease the pain (Jimmy Jose, 2011). The third priority will entail the determination of the history of pain since the inception of home-based pain management and assessment. The pain history provides information such as; the patients family expectations and beliefs about pain and stress management, the previous and the current pain experienced by the patient and its effects on him, the knowledge, preferences and expectations of the patient concerning the methods employed in pain management process and his description of pain. Additionally, pain history shows the patients response towards pain and how he is coping with the pain, the patients assessment of the pervious pain control methods in comparison to the new ones and which ones he finds helpful than the other and his attitude towards the use of medication. Finally, is to ensure that both patient and the family receive adequate education on chronic pain management. Patient and family education is recommended for chronic pain management (Dworkin et al. 2008). Both patient and the family ought to understand the essence of preventing and controlling pain as well as the importance of working closely with a health care provider. The patient should also report when he experiencing pain or when the nature of the pain changes. Similarly, both parties should be made aware of the various available interventions of chronic pain management (Lam Fresco, 2015). References Ackerman, I. N., Buchbinder, R., Osborne, R. H. (2012). Challenges in evaluating an Arthritis Self-Management Program for people with hip and knee osteoarthritis in real-world clinical settings. The Journal of rheumatology, 39(5), 1047-1055. Christianson, H. (2016). Alaska Nurse Practitioners Barriers to Use of Prescription Drug Monitoring Program. SAGE Publications. Dworkin, R. 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